{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:16:05Z","timestamp":1779297365175,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Ethnography attends to relations among people, practices, and the technologies that mediate them. Central to this method is the duality of roles ethnographers navigate as researchers and participants and as outsiders and insiders. However, the rise of digital platforms has introduced new opportunities as well as practical and ethical challenges that reshape these dualities across hybrid media environments spanning both online and offline contexts. Drawing on two case studies of VRChat and WhatsApp, we examine how ethnographers employ diverse tactics to study both enduring and emerging socio-cultural issues of race and caste, particularly those that form what are often called publics. We propose\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">emergent relationality<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a key analytic for understanding the mutual shaping of ethnographers, platforms, and publics. In this work, emergent relationality offers registers for analyzing how positionality and hybrid media environments constitute and condition what can be accessed, articulated, and made public.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3788076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T15:29:14Z","timestamp":1779290954000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["To Tango or to Disentangle? Making Ethnography Public in the Digital Age CSCW040"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2735-4875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Mwesigwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Science","place":["Ithaca, USA"]},{"name":"Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2655-9841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyan","family":"DeVeaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication","place":["Stanford, USA"]},{"name":"Stanford University","place":["Stanford, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1537-1635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Palashi","family":"Vaghela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Interactive Arts and Technology","place":["Surrey, Canada"]},{"name":"Simon Fraser University","place":["Surrey, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dhruv Agarwal Farhana Shahid and Aditya Vashistha. 2024. Conversational Agents to Facilitate Deliberation on Harmful Content in WhatsApp Groups. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 8 CSCW2 (Nov. 2024) 491:1\u2013491:32. doi:10.1145\/3687030","DOI":"10.1145\/3687030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3714252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","volume-title":"The Untouchables","author":"Ambedkar Bheemrao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bheemrao Ambedkar. 2008. The Untouchables. Gautam Book Center. Google-Books-ID: iH2nqo7ADeUC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sareeta Amrute. 2025. Thinking the Unthinkable in AI: Four Hegemonic Ways of Seeing AI and Five Majority World Ways to Move Beyond Them. Antipode 57 6 (2025) 2259\u20132281. doi:10.1111\/anti.70051 _eprint: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/anti.70051.","DOI":"10.1111\/anti.70051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-20725-0_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eric P.\u00a0S. Baumer Alex\u00a0S. Taylor Jed\u00a0R. Brubaker and Micki McGee. 2024. Algorithmic Subjectivities. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 31 3 (Aug. 2024) 35:1\u201335:34. doi:10.1145\/3660344","DOI":"10.1145\/3660344"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Nancy Baym Lana Swartz and Andrea Alarcon. 2019. Sonic Publics| Convening Technologies: Blockchain and the Music Industry. International Journal of Communication 13 0 (Jan. 2019) 20. https:\/\/ijoc.org\/index.php\/ijoc\/article\/view\/8590 Number: 0."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richard Beckwith and John Sherry. 2020. Scale and the Gaze of a Machine. Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings 2020 1 (2020) 48\u201360. doi:10.1111\/epic.12007 _eprint: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/epic.12007.","DOI":"10.1111\/epic.12007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirsten Bell. 2019. The \u2018problem\u2019 of undesigned relationality: Ethnographic fieldwork dual roles and research ethics. Ethnography 20 1 (2019) 8\u201326. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26613814","DOI":"10.1177\/1466138118807236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400845286\/html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","volume-title":"Ethnography and Virtual Worlds: A Handbook of Method, Updated Edition (updated edition ed.)","author":"Boellstorff Tom","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tom Boellstorff, Bonnie Nardi, Celia Pearce, and T.\u00a0L. Taylor. 2024. Ethnography and Virtual Worlds: A Handbook of Method, Updated Edition (updated edition ed.). Princeton University Press, Princeton."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yarimar Bonilla and Jonathan Rosa. 2015. #Ferguson: Digital protest hashtag ethnography and the racial politics of social media in the United States. American Ethnologist 42 1 (2015) 4\u201317. doi:10.1111\/amet.12112 _eprint: https:\/\/anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/amet.12112.","DOI":"10.1111\/amet.12112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203875063-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"danah boyd and Alice\u00a0E. Marwick. 2011. Social Privacy in Networked Publics: Teens\u2019 Attitudes Practices and Strategies. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=1925128"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Taina Bucher. 2012. A Technicity of Attention: How Software \u2019Makes Sense\u2019. Culture Machine 13 (July 2012). https:\/\/culturemachine.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/470-993-1-PB.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jenna Burrell. 2009. The Field Site as a Network: A Strategy for Locating Ethnographic Research. Field Methods 21 2 (May 2009) 181\u2013199. doi:10.1177\/1525822X08329699","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X08329699"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"California Court of Appeal Sixth Appellate District. 2022. Department of Fair Employment and Housing v. Cisco Systems Inc.https:\/\/law.justia.com\/cases\/california\/court-of-appeal\/2022\/h048910.html Issue: H048910 Place: California."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","volume-title":"Collaborative Autoethnography","author":"Chang Heewon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heewon Chang, Faith Ngunjiri, and Kathy-Ann\u00a0C. Hernandez. 2013. Collaborative Autoethnography. Left Coast Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ang\u00e8le Christin. 2020. Algorithmic ethnography during and after COVID-19. Communication and the Public 5 3-4 (Sept. 2020) 108\u2013111. doi:10.1177\/2057047320959850","DOI":"10.1177\/2057047320959850"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23943\/princeton\/9780691175232.003.0005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gabriella Coleman. 2011. Hacker Politics and Publics. Public Culture 23 3 (2011) 511\u2013516. doi:10.1215\/08992363-1336390","DOI":"10.1215\/08992363-1336390"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","unstructured":"Stephen\u00a0J. Collier James\u00a0Christopher Mizes and Antina\u00a0Von Schnitzler. 2016. Limn: Preface: Public Infrastructures \/ Infrastructural Publics. https:\/\/limn.it\/articles\/preface-public-infrastructures-infrastructural-publics\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patricia\u00a0Hill Collins. 1999. Reflections on the Outsider Within. Journal of Career Development 26 1 (Sept. 1999) 85\u201388. doi:10.1177\/089484539902600107","DOI":"10.1177\/089484539902600107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andy Crabtree. 2024. H is for Human and How (Not) To Evaluate Qualitative Research in HCI. doi:10.48550\/arXiv.2409.01302 arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2409.01302 [cs].","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2409.01302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christopher A\u00a0Le Dantec and Carl DiSalvo. 2013. Infrastructuring and the formation of publics in participatory design. Social Studies of Science 43 2 (April 2013) 241\u2013264. doi:10.1177\/0306312712471581","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312712471581"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gabriele de Seta. 2020. Three lies of digital ethnography. Journal of Digital Social Research 2 1 (Feb. 2020) 77\u201397. doi:10.33621\/jdsr.v2i1.24 Number: 1.","DOI":"10.33621\/jdsr.v2i1.24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3510003.3510105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cyan DeVeaux Eugy Han Zora Hudson Jordan Egelman James\u00a0A. Landay and Jeremy\u00a0N. Bailenson. 2025. Black immersive virtuality: Racialized experiences of avatar embodiment and customization among Black users in social VR. Computers in Human Behavior 168 (July 2025) 108639. doi:10.1016\/j.chb.2025.108639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2025.108639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","volume-title":"The public and its problems: an essay in political inquiry","author":"Dewey John","year":"2016","unstructured":"John Dewey and Melvin\u00a0L. Rogers. 2016. The public and its problems: an essay in political inquiry. Swallow Press, Athens, Ohio."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carl DiSalvo. 2009. Design and the Construction of Publics. Design Issues 25 1 (2009) 48\u201363. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20627793","DOI":"10.1162\/desi.2009.25.1.48"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557359"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124855"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1180875.1180921"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1324892.1324894"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1858171.1858173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0378-8_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paul Dourish. 2016. Algorithms and their others: Algorithmic culture in context. Big Data & Society 3 2 (Dec. 2016) 2053951716665128. doi:10.1177\/2053951716665128","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951716665128"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paul Dourish. 2021. The Allure and the Paucity of Design: Cultures of Design and Design in Culture. Human\u2013Computer Interaction 36 1 (Jan. 2021) 52\u201372. doi:10.1080\/07370024.2018.1469410 _eprint: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07370024.2018.1469410.","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2018.1469410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","unstructured":"Yashica Dutt. 2020. The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/07\/14\/opinion\/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html Publication Title: The New York Times."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3500868.3561402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702556"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","volume-title":"The new frontier: Merit vs. caste in the Indian IT sector","author":"Fernandez Marilyn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marilyn Fernandez. 2017. The new frontier: Merit vs. caste in the Indian IT sector. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300495"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gary\u00a0Alan Fine. 1993. TEN LIES OF ETHNOGRAPHY: Moral Dilemmas of Field Research. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 22 3 (Oct. 1993) 267\u2013294. doi:10.1177\/089124193022003001","DOI":"10.1177\/089124193022003001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","volume-title":"Tiny Publics: A Theory of Group Action and Culture","author":"Fine Gary\u00a0Alan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gary\u00a0Alan Fine. 2012. Tiny Publics: A Theory of Group Action and Culture. Vol.\u00a0The Russell Sage Foundation Series on Trust. Russell Sage Foundation."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nancy Fraser. 1990. Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy. Social Text25\/26 (1990) 56\u201380. doi:10.2307\/466240","DOI":"10.2307\/466240"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guo Freeman and Divine Maloney. 2021. Body Avatar and Me: The Presentation and Perception of Self in Social Virtual Reality. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4 CSCW3 (Jan. 2021) 1\u201327. doi:10.1145\/3432938","DOI":"10.1145\/3432938"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","volume-title":"The Interpretation of Cultures","author":"Geertz Clifford","year":"1973","unstructured":"Clifford Geertz. 1973. Thick Description: Towards an Interpretive Theory of Culture. In The Interpretation of Cultures, Clifford Geertz (Ed.). Basic Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2011.455"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","unstructured":"Carolin Gerlitz Anne Helmond David\u00a0B. Nieborg and Fernando\u00a0N. van\u00a0der Vlist. 2019. Apps and Infrastructures \u2013 a Research Agenda. Computational Culture7 (Oct. 2019). http:\/\/computationalculture.net\/apps-and-infrastructures-a-research-agenda\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","unstructured":"Sarah\u00a0A. Gilbert. 2023. Towards Intersectional Moderation: An Alternative Model of Moderation Built on Care and Power. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.11250 arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2305.11250 [cs]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tarleton Gillespie. 2010. The politics of \u2018platforms\u2019. New Media & Society 12 3 (May 2010) 347\u2013364. doi:10.1177\/1461444809342738","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444809342738"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262525374.003.0009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","unstructured":"Tarleton Gillespie. 2018. Platforms Are Not Intermediaries. Georgetown Law Technology Review 2 2 (2018) 198\u2013216. https:\/\/heinonline.org\/HOL\/P?h=hein.journals\/gtltr2&i=196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315721378"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hugh Gusterson. 1997. Studying Up Revisited. Political and Legal Anthropology Review 20 1 (1997) 114\u2013119. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24497989","DOI":"10.1525\/pol.1997.20.1.114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5860\/CHOICE.27-4175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gillian\u00a0R. Hayes. 2011. The relationship of action research to human-computer interaction. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 18 3 (Aug. 2011) 15:1\u201315:20. doi:10.1145\/1993060.1993065","DOI":"10.1145\/1993060.1993065"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753522"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sarah\u00a0J. Jackson and Brooke Foucault\u00a0Welles. 2015. Hijacking #myNYPD: Social Media Dissent and Networked Counterpublics. Journal of Communication 65 6 (2015) 932\u2013952. doi:10.1111\/jcom.12185 _eprint: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcom.12185.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12185"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sarah\u00a0J Jackson and Daniel Kreiss. 2023. Recentering power: conceptualizing counterpublics and defensive publics. Communication Theory 33 2-3 (Aug. 2023) 102\u2013111. doi:10.1093\/ct\/qtad004","DOI":"10.1093\/ct\/qtad004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858565"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642727"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daye Kang Jingjin Li Gilly Leshed Jeffrey\u00a0M Rzeszotarski and Xi Lu. 2025. Towards Hormone Health: An Autoethnography of Long-Term Holistic Tracking to Manage PCOS. (2025).","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713619"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nadia Karizat Dan Delmonaco Motahhare Eslami and Nazanin Andalibi. 2021. Algorithmic Folk Theories and Identity: How TikTok Users Co-Produce Knowledge of Identity and Engage in Algorithmic Resistance. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5 CSCW2 (Oct. 2021) 1\u201344. doi:10.1145\/3476046","DOI":"10.1145\/3476046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christopher Kelty. 2005. Geeks Social Imaginaries and Recursive Publics. Cultural Anthropology 20 2 (May 2005) 185\u2013214. doi:10.1525\/can.2005.20.2.185","DOI":"10.1525\/can.2005.20.2.185"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3026051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-20725-0_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226467016.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Making Things Public: Atmospheres of Democracy","author":"Latour Bruno","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bruno Latour. 2005. From Realpolitik to Dingpolitik or How to Make Things Public. In Making Things Public: Atmospheres of Democracy, Bruno Latour and Peter Weibel (Eds.). MIT Press, Karlsruhe: ZKM Center for Art and Media; Cambridge, MA, 14\u201341."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shaimaa Lazem Danilo Giglitto Makuochi\u00a0Samuel Nkwo Hafeni Mthoko Jessica Upani and Anicia Peters. 2022. Challenges and Paradoxes in Decolonising HCI: A Critical Discussion. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 31 2 (June 2022) 159\u2013196. doi:10.1007\/s10606-021-09398-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-021-09398-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1858171.1858174"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long Le-Khac Maria Antoniak and Richard\u00a0Jean So. 2022. #BLM Insurgent Discourse White Structures of Feeling and the Fate of the 2020 \"Racial Awakening\". New Literary History 54 1 (2022) 667\u2013692. https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/pub\/1\/article\/898325","DOI":"10.1353\/nlh.2022.a898325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Calvin\u00a0A. Liang Sean\u00a0A. Munson and Julie\u00a0A. Kientz. 2021. Embracing Four Tensions in Human-Computer Interaction Research with Marginalized People. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 28 2 (April 2021) 14:1\u201314:47. doi:10.1145\/3443686","DOI":"10.1145\/3443686"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomas Ludwig Christian Reuter and Volkmar Pipek. 2016. From Publics to Communities: Researching the Path of Shared Issues Through ICT. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 25 2 (June 2016) 193\u2013225. doi:10.1007\/s10606-016-9252-y Company: Springer Distributor: Springer Institution: Springer Label: Springer Number: 2.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-016-9252-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"George\u00a0E. Marcus. 1995. Ethnography in\/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography. Annual Review of Anthropology 24 Volume 24 1995 (Oct. 1995) 95\u2013117. doi:10.1146\/annurev.an.24.100195.000523","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.an.24.100195.000523"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vidushi Marda and Shivangi Narayan. 2021. On the importance of ethnographic methods in AI research. Nature Machine Intelligence 3 3 (March 2021) 187\u2013189. doi:10.1038\/s42256-021-00323-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-021-00323-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-137-48074-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noortje Marres Brit Ross\u00a0Winthereik Gloria Gonz\u00e1lez\u00a0Fuster Tanja Schneider and Sascha Dickel. 2025. Infrastructural Participation in Digital Societies: Challenges and Alternatives. Science & Technology Studies (April 2025). doi:10.23987\/sts.143627","DOI":"10.23987\/sts.143627"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517503"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nora McDonald Sarita Schoenebeck and Andrea Forte. 2019. Reliability and Inter-rater Reliability in Qualitative Research: Norms and Guidelines for CSCW and HCI Practice. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 3 CSCW (Nov. 2019) 72:1\u201372:23. doi:10.1145\/3359174","DOI":"10.1145\/3359174"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","unstructured":"Jacob Metcalf Ranjit Singh and Borhane Blili-Hamelin. 2025. Experimental Publics: Democracy and the Role of Publics in GenAI Evaluation. http:\/\/knightcolumbia.org\/content\/experimental-publics-democracy-and-the-role-of-publics-in-genai-evaluation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jannie M\u00f8ller\u00a0Hartley Mette Bengtsson Anna Schj\u00f8tt\u00a0Hansen and Morten\u00a0Fischer Sivertsen. 2023. Researching publics in datafied societies: Insights from four approaches to the concept of \u2018publics\u2019 and a (hybrid) research agenda. New Media & Society 25 7 (July 2023) 1668\u20131686. doi:10.1177\/14614448211021045","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211021045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","volume-title":"Up the Anthropologist: Perspectives Gained From Studying Up","author":"Nader Laura","year":"1972","unstructured":"Laura Nader. 1972. Up the Anthropologist: Perspectives Gained From Studying Up. Technical Report. https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED065375 ERIC Number: ED065375."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/toi.8008655.0001.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matti Nelimarkka. 2019. A Review of Research on Participation in Democratic Decision-Making Presented at SIGCHI Conferences. Toward an Improved Trading Zone Between Political Science and HCI. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3 CSCW (Nov. 2019) 1\u201329. doi:10.1145\/3359241","DOI":"10.1145\/3359241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matti Nelimarkka and Ville Vuorenmaa. 2024. What Do We Study When Studying Politics and Democracy? A Semantic Analysis of How Politics and Democracy Are Used in SIGCHI Conference Papers. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction 0 0 (Dec. 2024) 1\u201317. doi:10.1080\/10447318.2024.2416562 _eprint: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2024.2416562.","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2024.2416562"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Toussaint Nothias. 2020. Access granted: Facebook\u2019s free basics in Africa. Media Culture & Society 42 3 (April 2020) 329\u2013348. doi:10.1177\/0163443719890530","DOI":"10.1177\/0163443719890530"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110792256-011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","unstructured":"M.\u00a0S.\u00a0S. Pandian. 2002. One Step outside Modernity: Caste Identity Politics and Public Sphere. Economic and Political Weekly 37 18 (2002) 1735\u20131741. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4412071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jean-Christophe Plantin Carl Lagoze Paul\u00a0N Edwards and Christian Sandvig. 2018. Infrastructure studies meet platform studies in the age of Google and Facebook. New Media & Society 20 1 (Jan. 2018) 293\u2013310. doi:10.1177\/1461444816661553","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816661553"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nicholas Proferes Naiyan Jones Sarah Gilbert Casey Fiesler and Michael Zimmer. 2021. Studying Reddit: A Systematic Overview of Disciplines Approaches Methods and Ethics. Social Media + Society 7 2 (April 2021) 20563051211019004. doi:10.1177\/20563051211019004","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051211019004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","unstructured":"Saritha Rai. 2021. How Big Tech Is Importing India\u2019s Caste Legacy to Silicon Valley. https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/features\/2021-03-11\/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley Publication Title: Bloomberg.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"David Randall Mark Rouncefield and Peter Tolmie. 2021. Ethnography CSCW and Ethnomethodology. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 30 2 (April 2021) 189\u2013214. doi:10.1007\/s10606-020-09388-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-020-09388-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520943377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3170427.3170646"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jill\u00a0Walker Rettberg. 2020. Situated data analysis: a new method for analysing encoded power relationships in social media platforms and apps. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 7 1 (June 2020) 1\u201313. doi:10.1057\/s41599-020-0495-3","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-020-0495-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3502006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jennifer\u00a0A. Rode. 2026. Commentary: emphasizing the role of positionality theory and ethnographic writing conventions in reflexive texts. Human\u2013Computer Interaction (Jan. 2026) 1\u20134. doi:10.1080\/07370024.2025.2598800","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2025.2598800"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581329"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nithya Sambasivan. 2021. Seeing like a dataset from the global south. Interactions 28 4 (July 2021) 76\u201378. doi:10.1145\/3466160","DOI":"10.1145\/3466160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kjeld Schmidt. 2013. Constructing CSCW: The first quarter century. Computer Supported Cooperative Work 22 (Aug. 2013) 345\u2013372. doi:10.1007\/s10606-013-9193-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-013-9193-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","volume-title":"Seeing like a state: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed","author":"Scott James\u00a0C.","year":"1998","unstructured":"James\u00a0C. Scott. 1998. Seeing like a state: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. Yale University Press, New Haven."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","volume-title":"Data: Now Bigger and Better!","author":"Seaver Nick","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nick Seaver. 2015. Bastard algebra. In Data: Now Bigger and Better!, Tom Boellstorff and Bill Maurer (Eds.). Prickly Paradigm Press. https:\/\/press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/distributed\/D\/bo20285526.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joseph Seering Felicia Ng Zheng Yao and Geoff Kaufman. 2018. Applications of Social Identity Theory to Research and Design in Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2 CSCW (Nov. 2018) 1\u201334. doi:10.1145\/3274771","DOI":"10.1145\/3274771"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Farhana Shahid Dhruv Agarwal and Aditya Vashistha. 2025. One Style Does Not Regulate All: Moderation Practices in Public and Private WhatsApp Groups. doi:10.48550\/arXiv.2401.08091 arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2401.08091 [cs].","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2401.08091"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Katie Shilton Emanuel Moss Sarah\u00a0A. Gilbert Matthew\u00a0J. Bietz Casey Fiesler Jacob Metcalf Jessica Vitak and Michael Zimmer. 2021. Excavating awareness and power in data science: A manifesto for trustworthy pervasive data research. Big Data & Society 8 2 (July 2021) 20539517211040759. doi:10.1177\/20539517211040759","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211040759"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ren\u00e9e Sieber Ana Brandusescu Abigail Adu-Daako and Suthee Sangiambut. 2024. Who are the publics engaging in AI? Public Understanding of Science (Jan. 2024) 09636625231219853. doi:10.1177\/09636625231219853","DOI":"10.1177\/09636625231219853"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ranjit Singh and Steven Jackson. 2021. Seeing Like an Infrastructure: Low-resolution Citizens and the Aadhaar Identification Project. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5 CSCW2 (Oct. 2021) 315:1\u2013315:26. doi:10.1145\/3476056","DOI":"10.1145\/3476056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mario\u00a0L. Small. 2022. Ethnography Upgraded. Qualitative Sociology 45 3 (Sept. 2022) 477\u2013482. doi:10.1007\/s11133-022-09519-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11133-022-09519-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robert Soden David Ribes Seyram Avle and Will Sutherland. 2021. Time for Historicism in CSCW: An Invitation. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5 CSCW2 (Oct. 2021) 459:1\u2013459:18. doi:10.1145\/3479603","DOI":"10.1145\/3479603"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robert Soden Austin Toombs and Michaelanne Thomas. 2024. Evaluating Interpretive Research in HCI. interactions 31 1 (Jan. 2024) 38\u201342. doi:10.1145\/3633200","DOI":"10.1145\/3633200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Susan\u00a0Leigh Star. 1999. The Ethnography of Infrastructure. American Behavioral Scientist 43 3 (Nov. 1999) 377\u2013391. doi:10.1177\/00027649921955326","DOI":"10.1177\/00027649921955326"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/192844.193021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paul Starr. 2021. The Relational Public. Sociological Theory 39 2 (June 2021) 57\u201380. doi:10.1177\/07352751211004660","DOI":"10.1177\/07352751211004660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosemary Steup Arvind Santhanam Marisa Logan Lynn Dombrowski and Norman\u00a0Makoto Su. 2018. Growing Tiny Publics: Small Farmers\u2019 Social Movement Strategies. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2 CSCW (Nov. 2018) 1\u201324. doi:10.1145\/3274434","DOI":"10.1145\/3274434"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511808418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Ubiquitous computing fundamentals","author":"Taylor Alex\u00a0S.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alex\u00a0S. Taylor. 2010. Ethnography in ubiquitous computing. In Ubiquitous computing fundamentals, John Krumm (Ed.). CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, Fla. London New York, 203\u2013236."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","unstructured":"Nitasha Tiku. 2022. Google\u2019s plan to talk about caste bias led to \u2018division and rancor\u2019. Washington Post (June 2022). https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2022\/06\/02\/google-caste-equality-labs-tanuja-gupta\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvc77bcc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeynep Tufekci. 2014. Engineering the public: Big data surveillance and computational politics. First Monday (July 2014). doi:10.5210\/fm.v19i7.4901","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v19i7.4901"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3678884.3687142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","unstructured":"Palashi Vaghela. 2023. Hidden in Plain Sight: Decoding Inscriptions of Caste and Gender in Indian Computing. (Aug. 2023). https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1813\/114786"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3502059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palashi Vaghela Ramaravind K\u00a0Mothilal and Joyojeet Pal. 2021. Birds of a Caste - How Caste Hierarchies Manifest in Retweet Behavior of Indian Politicians. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4 CSCW3 (Jan. 2021) 212:1\u2013212:24. doi:10.1145\/3432911","DOI":"10.1145\/3432911"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226849638.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517588"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","volume-title":"Fictions of Feminist Ethnography","author":"Visweswaran Kamala","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kamala Visweswaran. 1994. Fictions of Feminist Ethnography. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michael Warner. 2002. Publics and Counterpublics. Public Culture 14 1 (Jan. 2002) 49\u201390. doi:10.1215\/08992363-14-1-49","DOI":"10.1215\/08992363-14-1-49"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wendy Willems. 2019. \u2018The politics of things\u2019: digital media urban space and the materiality of publics. Media Culture & Society 41 8 (Nov. 2019) 1192\u20131209. doi:10.1177\/0163443719831594","DOI":"10.1177\/0163443719831594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753846.1753857"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3322276.3322344"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michael Zimmer. 2010. \u201cBut the data is already public\u201d: on the ethics of research in Facebook. Ethics and Information Technology 12 4 (Dec. 2010) 313\u2013325. doi:10.1007\/s10676-010-9227-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-010-9227-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1858171.1858228"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3788076","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:54:18Z","timestamp":1779296058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3788076"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3788076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3788076","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}