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Softw. Eng. Methodol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With the popularity of Hybrid Quantum-Classical architectures, particularly noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) architectures in the gate-based quantum computing paradigm, comes the need for quality-assurance methods tailored to their specific faults. In this study, we propose a taxonomy of faults in gate-based Hybrid Quantum-Classical architectures accompanied by a dataset of real faults in the identified categories. To achieve this, we empirically analysed open source repositories for fixed faults. We analysed over 5,000 closed issues on GitHub and pre-selected 529 of them based on rigorously defined inclusion criteria. We selected 133 faults that we labelled around symptoms and the origin of the faults. We cross-validated the classification and labels assigned to every fault between two authors. As a result, we introduced a taxonomy of real faults in gate-based Hybrid Quantum-Classical architectures. Subsequently, we validated the taxonomy through interviews conducted with eleven developers. The taxonomy was dynamically updated throughout the cross-validation and interview processes. The final version was validated and discussed through surveys conducted with an independent group of domain experts to ensure its relevance and to gain further insights.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3788677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T14:49:24Z","timestamp":1768834164000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Taxonomy of Real Faults for Hybrid Quantum-Classical Software Architectures"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3285-9468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avner","family":"Bensoussan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Informatics, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1423-1083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunel","family":"Jahangirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Informatics, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4869-6794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Informatics, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps50303.2020.9367411"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-NIER.2019.00023"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felix Greiwe Tom Kr\u00fcger and Wolfgang Mauerer. 2023. 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