{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T07:58:08Z","timestamp":1776412688277,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007567","name":"City University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9220150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9220150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007567","name":"City University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9610597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9610597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The ubiquitous mobile devices have made balancing battery efficiency and user experience (UX) a critical issue. While prior work has extensively researched battery-saving strategies by managing computational resources, the design of user interface (UI) that communicates battery-saving status with users remains underexplored. In this work, we investigate how different visual representations of battery-saving indicators influence user behavior during intensive mobile interactions. We designed three versions of UI indicators for battery saving, with varying levels of statistical details. Through a between-subjects user study with 36 participants completing a series of intensive tasks on a mobile phone with limited battery, we examined behavioral and perceptual patterns across study conditions. Our findings showed that real-time saving statistics improved battery-saving efficiency and mitigated negative user experience under moderate performance degradation. However, when performance drops sharply, the same indicators may bring frustration and lead users to quickly turn off the saver. Our post-study interviews further revealed the strategic choices made by participants to optimize task completion while saving batteries. With the lessons learned, we discuss the implications of designing visual indicators for battery-saving mode in different interaction scenarios, and propose future directions for building sustainable battery-saving interfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3789684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T17:51:14Z","timestamp":1773683474000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Visualizing Power Mode: The Impact of Battery-saving Indicators on User Behavior During Intensive Mobile Interactions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8951-5542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenhao","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3702-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4396-2325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minhui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7776-3944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junqiao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2016-4080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1999995.2000002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Douglas Bates Reinhold Kliegl Shravan Vasishth and Harald Baayen. 2018. Parsimonious Mixed Models. arXiv:1506.04967 [stat.ME] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1506.04967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IADCC.2015.7154791"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1855840.1855861"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2745844.2745875"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244020970563"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Ki-Seok Chung and TaeHoon Kim. 2012. Benefits of the big. LITTLE Architecture. https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/en\/document\/view\/41694370\/benefits-of-the-biglittle-architecture-arm"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3458864.3467682"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WMNC.2014.6878858"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208606"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Android Developers. [n. d.]. Android Debug Bridge (adb). https:\/\/developer.android.com\/tools\/adb"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"DeviceSpecifications. 2023. Samsung Galaxy A54 5G - Specifications. https:\/\/www.devicespecifications.com\/en\/model\/d6a85c23"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"The Linux Kernel documentation. [n.d.]. CPU hotplug in the Kernel. https:\/\/docs.kernel.org\/core-api\/cpu_hotplug.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3126539"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2493432.2493465"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2005.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Doctoral Colloquium in the Adjunct Proceedings of UbiComp","author":"Froehlich Jon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jon Froehlich. 2009. Sensing and feedback of everyday activities to promote environmentally sustainable behaviors. In Doctoral Colloquium in the Adjunct Proceedings of UbiComp, Orlando, Florida, USA. Citeseer."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jon E Froehlich. 2015. Gamifying green: gamification and environmental sustainability. (2015). https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7040536","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9788.003.0041"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/223355.223670"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2016.7446054"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2021.3071193"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3117811.3117841"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2014.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2632048.2636085"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2744769.2744773"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208395"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36948\/ijfmr.2024.v06i06.33520"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2317956.2318069"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3654777.3676437"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2021.3098664"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3527851"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA53966.2022.00045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO56248.2022.00064"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-006-0028-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07370020701307997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111544"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2030112.2030170"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1165385.317459"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmps.1999.1283"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01449290410001669914"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakob Nielsen. 1994. 10 Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design. https:\/\/www.nngroup.com\/articles\/ten-usability-heuristics\/","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-052029-2.50008-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327051HCI1803_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2851613.2851671"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3624719"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2011.644581"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"The BOBYQA algorithm for bound constrained optimization without derivatives. Cambridge NA Report NA2009\/06, University of Cambridge","volume":"26","author":"Powell Michael JD","year":"2009","unstructured":"Michael JD Powell et al. 2009. The BOBYQA algorithm for bound constrained optimization without derivatives. Cambridge NA Report NA2009\/06, University of Cambridge, Cambridge 26 (2009), 26\u201346.","journal-title":"Cambridge"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3314408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897937.2898031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44202-022-00039-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3551349.3561342"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-012-1264-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IConAC.2015.7313972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218194010005067"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"Android Source. [n. d.]. Mweasure poer values. https:\/\/source.android.com\/docs\/core\/power\/values"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Statista. 2024. Number of smartphone users worldwide. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/forecasts\/1143723\/smartphone-users-in-the-world"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Distribution of the time spent using mobile apps worldwide","year":"2024","unstructured":"Statista. 2024. Distribution of the time spent using mobile apps worldwide in 2024, by category. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1465726\/global-daily-time-spent-mobile-usage\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2018.1441325"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-022-00593-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"John Wu. [n. d.]. Magisk. https:\/\/github.com\/topjohnwu\/Magisk"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEECT.2017.7916593"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData-Cybermatics55523.2022.00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118497"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3789684","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T19:59:54Z","timestamp":1776369594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3789684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3789684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3789684","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}