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Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dynamic 3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS) extends static 3DGS to render dynamic scenes, enabling AR\/VR applications with moving objects. However, implementing dynamic 3DGS on edge devices faces challenges: (1) Loading all Gaussian parameters from DRAM for frustum culling incurs high energy costs. (2) Increased parameters for dynamic scenes elevate sorting latency and energy consumption. (3) Limited on-chip buffer capacity with higher parameters reduces buffer reuse, causing frequent DRAM access. (4) Dynamic 3DGS operations are not readily compatible with digital compute-in-memory (DCIM). These challenges hinder real-time performance and power efficiency on edge devices, leading to reduced battery life or requiring bulky batteries. To tackle these challenges, we propose algorithm-hardware co-design techniques. At the algorithmic level, we introduce three optimizations: (1) DRAM-access reduction frustum culling to lower DRAM access overhead, (2) Adaptive tile grouping to enhance on-chip buffer reuse, and (3) Adaptive interval initialization Bucket-Bitonic sort to reduce sorting latency. At the hardware level, we present a DCIM-friendly computation flow that is evaluated using the measured data from a 16 nm DCIM prototype chip. Our experimental results on Large-Scale Real-World Static\/Dynamic Datasets demonstrate the ability to achieve high frame rate real-time rendering exceeding 200 frames per second (FPS) with minimal power consumption\u2014merely 0.28 W for static Large-Scale Real-World scenes and 0.63 W for dynamic Large-Scale Real-World scenes. This work successfully addresses the significant challenges of implementing static\/dynamic 3DGS technology on resource-constrained edge devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3793555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T20:50:31Z","timestamp":1770411031000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["3DGauCIM: Accelerating Static\/Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splatting via Digital CIM for High Frame Rate Real-Time Edge Rendering"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2405-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Hsing","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3331-0122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Jhih","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-2584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Wei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tsing Hua University","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2813-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7589-2943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaidehi","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5364-2339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyao","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3129-1554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen-Chun","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9727-802X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nealson","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8391-0576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arijit","family":"Raychowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6905-6350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng-Fan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5946-203X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingyan (Celine)","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0068-3652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shimeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2022.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3592433"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"G. 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