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Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    User interactions with mobile applications (apps) are accompanied by continuous visual changes in the Graphical UI (GUI), guiding task completion and feedback. These changes help users complete intended tasks or assess the appropriateness of their actions, typically conveyed through visual cues such as appearance and color. While such visual changes are effective for sighted users, they are inaccessible to blind users, creating substantial barriers to GUI interaction. To address these challenges, we propose\n                    <jats:sc>VisualDroid<\/jats:sc>\n                    , a method based on a multi-modal large language model (LLM) for testing and classifying GUI visual changes using a tailored three-hop reasoning prompting framework.\n                    <jats:sc>VisualDroid<\/jats:sc>\n                    achieved an F1 score of 94.7% in 34 apps from 17 domains, surpassing all baseline methods. When evaluated on five open source apps from F-Droid, our method enabled developers to resolve three identified issues, with two still under review. In terms of efficiency and cost, our method indicates minimal resource consumption.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3793673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:35:52Z","timestamp":1769520952000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Towards Testing the Accessibility of Dynamic Visual Changes in Android Mobile GUI with Multi-Modal LLMs"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4380-794X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengxi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China and Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China\r and School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8817-9441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianlin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China and Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9858-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China and Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5846-4442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiqun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China and Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6300-5130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinglong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China and Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8151-1413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huaxiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China and Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Google Play. 2016. 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