{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:01:41Z","timestamp":1775840501734,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5","funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFA1011302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFA1011302"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62174033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62174033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Timing convergence is paramount for the feasibility of VLSI circuit design, which is highly dependent on timing optimization during VLSI placement. Timing-driven placement usually achieves timing optimization by optimizing the locations of timing-violating cells. These cells are often characterized by timing criticality in global and detailed placement. However, we find that this metric cannot accurately capture the cells whose movement will affect the overall timing results. To bridge this gap, this article proposes a timing sensitivity analysis framework to precisely quantify the impact of physical objects (pins, combinational cells, FFs, and nets) on overall timing. Within this framework, we derive the TNS and WNS sensitivities of pins, combinational cells, FFs, and nets. Moreover, we introduce a total timing sensitivity metric to estimate how much physical objects affect the total timing. To validate its effectiveness, the timing sensitivity analysis framework is utilized to refine the combinational cell movement techniques in Rsyn [\n                    <jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">6<\/jats:xref>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">7<\/jats:xref>\n                    ]. Moreover, we develop an FF classification and moving scheme based on the timing sensitivity analysis framework, to further enhance timing optimization. Experimental results show that our approach achieves remarkable average improvements in TNS and WNS without compromising total wirelength and routability, compared to the state-of-the-art timing-driven detailed placer.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3796520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T21:28:51Z","timestamp":1770326931000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SensTDDP: A Timing Sensitivity Analysis Framework with Application to Timing-Driven Detailed Placement"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1472-7101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuzhou University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9342-1342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuzhou University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2980-128X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongxi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuzhou University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7145-9391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6406-4810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSE, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8698-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenxing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, Fuzhou University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1120725.1120926"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1611282"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2744769.2744867"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"801","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Design Automation Conference","author":"Chowdhary A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"A. Chowdhary, K. Rajagopal, S. Venkatesan, T. Cao, V. Tiourin, Y. Parasuram, and B. Halpin. 2005. How accurately can we model timing in a placement engine?. In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Design Automation Conference. IEEE, Anaheim, CA, USA, 801\u2013806."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1697872"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2872334.2872359"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECS.2016.7841278"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3676536.3676803"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3489517.3530486"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2717764.2717766"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897937.2898105"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"1825","article-title":"OWARU: Free space-aware timing-driven incremental placement with critical path smoothing","volume":"37","author":"Jung J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"J. Jung, G.-J. Nam, L. N. Reddy, I. H.-R. Jiang, and Y. Shin. 2017. OWARU: Free space-aware timing-driven incremental placement with critical path smoothing. IEEE TCAD 37, 9 (2017), 1825\u20131838.","journal-title":"IEEE TCAD"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAD.2015.7372671"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3061639.3062247"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/774572.774597"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626184.3633313"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"3374","article-title":"DREAMPlace 4.0: Timing-driven placement with momentum-based net weighting and lagrangian-based refinement","volume":"42","author":"Liao P.","year":"2023","unstructured":"P. Liao, D. Guo, Z. Guo, S. Liu, Y. Lin, and B. Yu. 2023. DREAMPlace 4.0: Timing-driven placement with momentum-based net weighting and lagrangian-based refinement. IEEE TCAD 42, 10 (2023), 3374\u20133387.","journal-title":"IEEE TCAD"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626184.3633318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858793"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2699873"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1146909.1147190"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"2835","article-title":"Timing-driven placement optimization facilitated by timing-compatibility flip-flop clustering","volume":"39","author":"Mangiras D.","year":"2020","unstructured":"D. Mangiras, A. Stefanidis, I. Seitanidis, C. Nicopoulos, and G. Dimitrakopoulos. 2020. Timing-driven placement optimization facilitated by timing-compatibility flip-flop clustering. IEEE TCAD 39, 10 (2020), 2835\u20132848.","journal-title":"IEEE TCAD"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2800986.2801013"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"711","article-title":"Sensitivity guided net weighting for placement-driven synthesis","volume":"24","author":"Ren Haoxing","year":"2005","unstructured":"Haoxing Ren, D. Z. Pan, and D. S. Kung. 2005. Sensitivity guided net weighting for placement-driven synthesis. IEEE TCAD 24, 5 (2005), 711\u2013721.","journal-title":"IEEE TCAD"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"2173","article-title":"ECO-system: Embracing the change in placement","volume":"26","author":"Roy Jarrod A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jarrod A. Roy and Igor L. Markov. 2007. ECO-system: Embracing the change in placement. IEEE TCAD 26, 12 (2007), 2173\u20132185.","journal-title":"IEEE TCAD"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DAC18072.2020.9218527"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE64628.2025.10993273"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DATE.2007.364463"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3796520","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:06:10Z","timestamp":1775837170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3796520"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3796520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3796520","relation":{},"ISSN":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1084-4309","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}