{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T10:32:02Z","timestamp":1773570722088,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":291,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Comput. Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This survey investigates the multifaceted nature of selective forgetting in machine learning, drawing insights from neuroscientific research that posits forgetting as an adaptive function rather than a defect, enhancing the learning process and preventing overfitting. This survey focuses on the benefits of selective forgetting and its applications across various machine learning sub-fields that can help improve model performance and enhance data privacy. Moreover, the paper discusses current challenges, future directions, and ethical considerations regarding the integration of selective forgetting mechanisms into machine learning models. We present a comprehensive taxonomy that bridges diverse selective forgetting-related research in machine learning, systematically categorising approaches along key dimensions. Our work synthesises theories of forgetting from different knowledge areas to establish theoretical foundations for forgetting mechanisms in machine learning, providing a unified framework for understanding selective forgetting processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3796542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T21:06:16Z","timestamp":1770757576000},"page":"1-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Selective Forgetting in Machine Learning and Beyond: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6368-3388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa Shuang","family":"Sha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Australian National University","place":["Canberra, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9764-9401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Australian National University","place":["Canberra, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3425-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin","family":"Haller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Australian National University","place":["Canberra, Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghodai Abdelrahman Qing Wang and Bernardo Nunes. 2023. Knowledge tracing: A survey. ACM Computing Surveys 55 11 (22023) 1\u201337. DOI:10.1145\/3569576","DOI":"10.1145\/3569576"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhammad Jamal Afridi Arun Ross and Erik M. Shapiro. 2018. On automated source selection for transfer learning in convolutional neural networks. Pattern recognition 73 (2018) 65\u201375.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2017.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasser Aldaghri Hessam Mahdavifar and Ahmad Beirami. 2021. Coded machine unlearning. IEEE Access 9 (2021) 88137\u201388150.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3090019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"Eduardo L. Aleixo Juan G. Colonna Marco Cristo and Eraldo Fernandes. 2023. Catastrophic forgetting in deep learning: A comprehensive taxonomy. arXiv:2312.10549. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2312.10549 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael C. Anderson and Simon Hanslmayr. 2014. Neural mechanisms of motivated forgetting. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18 6 (2014) 279\u2013292.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santiago Arango-Mu\u00f1oz. 2013. Scaffolded memory and metacognitive feelings. Review of Philosophy and Psychology 4 1 (2013) 135\u2013152.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13164-012-0124-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"Santiago Arango-Mu\u00f1oz and Kourken Michaelian. 2014. Epistemic feelings and epistemic emotions (focus section). (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. A. Archana Ravindra S. Hegadi and T. N. Manjunath. 2018. A study on big data privacy protection models using data masking methods. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 8 5 (2018) 3976.","DOI":"10.11591\/ijece.v8i5.pp3976-3983"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","volume-title":"Oblivion","author":"Aug\u00e9 Marc","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marc Aug\u00e9, Marjolijn De Jager, and James Edward Young. 2004. Oblivion. University of Minnesota Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Saint Augustine. 1991. Confessions trans. Henry Chadwick. Oxford\/New Youk: Oxford University Press Ayer AJ (1946). Language Bernet R. Kern I. and Mar Evanston 111 (1991) 265\u2013280."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee Averell and Andrew Heathcote. 2011. The form of the forgetting curve and the fate of memories. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 55 1 (2011) 25\u201335.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2010.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David Badre and Anthony D. Wagner. 2006. Computational and neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive flexibility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 18 (2006) 7186\u20137191.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509550103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2019.8803726"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3128572.3140450"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rima Basu. 2022. The importance of forgetting. Episteme 19 4 (2022) 471\u2013490. DOI:10.1017\/epi.2022.36","DOI":"10.1017\/epi.2022.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"Samyadeep Basu Philip Pope and Soheil Feizi. 2020. Influence functions in deep learning are fragile. arXiv:2006.14651. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.14651 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"Cenk Baykal Lucas Liebenwein Igor Gilitschenski Dan Feldman and Daniela Rus. 2018. Data-dependent coresets for compressing neural networks with applications to generalization bounds. arXiv:1804.05345. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1804.05345 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nora Belrose David Schneider-Joseph Shauli Ravfogel Ryan Cotterell Edward Raff and Stella Biderman. 2023. Leace: Perfect linear concept erasure in closed form. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (2023) 66044\u201366063.","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-2884"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"Iz Beltagy Matthew E. Peters and Arman Cohan. 2020. Longformer: The long-document transformer. arXiv:2004.05150. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2004.05150 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shai Ben-David John Blitzer Koby Crammer Alex Kulesza Fernando Pereira and Jennifer Wortman Vaughan. 2010. A theory of learning from different domains. Machine Learning 79 1\u20132 (2010) 151\u2013175.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-009-5152-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8220-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sven Bernecker. 2008. The metaphysics of memory. In The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Memory. Routledge 47\u201357.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8220-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-02683-7_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Algorithmic Learning Theory","author":"Bhattacharjee Robi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Robi Bhattacharjee and Gaurav Mahajan. 2022. Learning what to remember. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Algorithmic Learning Theory. PMLR, 70\u201389."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elizabeth Ligon Bjork Jeri L. Little and Benjamin C Storm. 2014. Multiple-choice testing as a desirable difficulty in the classroom. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 3 3 (2014) 165\u2013170.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2014.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert A. Bjork and Ted W. Allen. 1970. The spacing effect: Consolidation or differential encoding? Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 9 5 (1970) 567\u2013572.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(70)80103-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robert A. Bjork and Elizabeth L. Bjork. 2019. Forgetting as the friend of learning: implications for teaching and self-regulated learning. Advances in Physiology Education 43 2 (2019) 164\u2013167. DOI:10.1152\/advan.00001.2019.-One","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00001.2019.-One"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robert A. Bjork and Elizabeth L. Bjork. 2020. Desirable difficulties in theory and practice. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 9 4 (2020) 475\u2013479. DOI:10.1016\/j.jarmac.2020.09.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2020.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alberto Blanco-Justicia Najeeb Jebreel Benet Manzanares David S\u00e1nchez Josep Domingo-Ferrer Guillem Collell and Kuan Eeik Tan. 2024. Digital forgetting in large language models: A survey of unlearning methods. arXiv:2404.02062. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.02062 (2024).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-11078-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","volume-title":"Collected Fictions","author":"Borges J. L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"J. L. Borges and A. Hurley. 1999. Collected Fictions. Allen Lane The Penguin Press. Retrieved from https:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=fVVAAQAAIAAJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lucas Bourtoule Varun Chandrasekaran Christopher A. Choquette-Choo Hengrui Jia Adelin Travers Baiwu Zhang David Lie and Nicolas Papernot. 2021. Machine unlearning. Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy 2021-May (2021) 141\u2013159. DOI:10.1109\/SP40001.2021.00019","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40001.2021.00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yinzhi Cao and Junfeng Yang. 2015. Towards making systems forget with machine unlearning. Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy 2015-July (2015) 463\u2013480. DOI:10.1109\/SP.2015.35","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2015.35"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marta Carav\u00e0. 2021. An exploration into enactive forms of forgetting. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 20 4 (2021) 703\u2013722. DOI:10.1007\/s11097-020-09670-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-020-09670-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46214.2022.9833649"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Adaptive Foundation Models: Evolving AI for Personalized and Efficient Learning","author":"Cha Sungmin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sungmin Cha, Sungjun Cho, Dasol Hwang, and Moontae Lee. 2024. Towards robust and cost-efficient knowledge unlearning for large language models. In Proceedings of the Adaptive Foundation Models: Evolving AI for Personalized and Efficient Learning."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Chen. 2020. A study on positive transfer of native language and second language teaching methods. Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10 3 (2020) 306\u2013312.","DOI":"10.17507\/tpls.1003.06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3485447.3511997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3460120.3484756"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3548606.3559352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhe Chen and Marvin W. Daehler. 1989. Positive and negative transfer in analogical problem solving by 6-year-old children. Cognitive Development 4 4 (1989) 327\u2013344.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2014(89)90031-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","unstructured":"Eli Chien Chao Pan and Olgica Milenkovic. 2022. Certified graph unlearning. arXiv:2206.09140. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2206.09140 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v37i6.25879"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vikram S. Chundawat Ayush K. Tarun Murari Mandal and Mohan Kankanhalli. 2023. Zero-shot machine unlearning. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 18 (2023) 2345\u20132354.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3265506"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","first-page":"6674","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS)","volume":"206","author":"Cong Weilin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weilin Cong and Mehrdad Mahdavi. 2023. Efficiently forgetting what you have learned in graph representation learning via projection. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS), Vol. 206. 6674\u20136703."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juliet M. Corbin and Anselm Strauss. 1990. Grounded theory research: Procedures canons and evaluative criteria. Qualitative sociology 13 1 (1990) 3\u201321.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00988593"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alo M. Correia Vlad Niculae and Andr\u00e9 F. T. Martins. 2019. Adaptively sparse transformers. arXiv:1909.00015. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1909.00015 (2019).","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1223"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i8.16876"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12255.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marco Costanzi Beatrice Cianfanelli Alessandro Santirocchi Stefano Lasaponara Pietro Spataro Clelia Rossi-Arnaud and Vincenzo Cestari. 2021. Forgetting unwanted memories: Active forgetting and implications for the development of psychological disorders. (2021) DOI:10.3390\/jpm11040241","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11040241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v39i22.34544"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronald L. Davis and Yi Zhong. 2017. The biology of forgetting\u2013a perspective. Neuron 95 3 (2017) 490\u2013503.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.05.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matthias De Lange Rahaf Aljundi Marc Masana Sarah Parisot Xu Jia Ale\u0161 Leonardis Greg Slabaugh and Tinne Tuytelaars. 2021. A continual learning survey: Defying forgetting in classification tasks. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 44 7 (2021) 3366\u20133385. DOI:10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3057446","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3057446"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTAI52525.2021.00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kay Dickersin Roberta Scherer and Carol Lefebvre. 1994. Systematic reviews: Identifying relevant studies for systematic reviews. Bmj 309 6964 (1994) 1286\u20131291.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6964.1286"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tom Dietterich. 1995. Overfitting and undercomputing in machine learning. ACM computing surveys (CSUR) 27 3 (1995) 326\u2013327.","DOI":"10.1145\/212094.212114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas G. Dietterich. 2019. Robust artificial intelligence and robust human organizations. Frontiers of Computer Science 13 1 (2019) 1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-018-8900-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9s Dom\u00ednguez Hern\u00e1ndez Richard Owen Dan Saattrup Nielsen and Ryan McConville. 2023. Ethical political and epistemic implications of machine learning (mis) information classification: Insights from an interdisciplinary collaboration between social and data scientists. Journal of Responsible Innovation 10 1 (2023) 2222514.","DOI":"10.1080\/23299460.2023.2222514"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199563500.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3363226"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermann Ebbinghaus. 2013. Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. Annals of Neurosciences 20 4 (2013) 155.","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972.7531.200408"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peter Ecke. 2004. Language attrition and theories of forgetting: A cross-disciplinary review. International Journal of Bilingualism 8 3 (2004) 321\u2013354. DOI:10.1177\/13670069040080030901","DOI":"10.1177\/13670069040080030901"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gemma. Elliott Claire L. Isaac and Nils Muhlert. 2014. Measuring forgetting: A critical review of accelerated long-term forgetting studies. Cortex 54 (2014) 16\u201332. DOI:10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.02.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","first-page":"3274","volume-title":"ICML","author":"Feng Haozhe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haozhe Feng, Zhaoyang You, Minghao Chen, Tianye Zhang, Minfeng Zhu, Fei Wu, Chao Wu, and Wei Chen. 2021. KD3A: Unsupervised multi-source decentralized domain adaptation via knowledge distillation.. In ICML. 3274\u20133283."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","unstructured":"Jonathan Frankle and Michael Carbin. 2018. The lottery ticket hypothesis: Finding sparse trainable neural networks. arXiv:1803.03635. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1803.03635 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","unstructured":"Jonathan Frankle Gintare Karolina Dziugaite Daniel M Roy and Michael Carbin. 2019. Stabilizing the lottery ticket hypothesis. arXiv:1903.01611. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1903.01611 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","unstructured":"Matthew Frise. 2017. Preservationism in the epistemology of memory. The Philosophical Quarterly 67 268 (2017) 486\u2013507."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthew Frise. 2018. 11 Forgetting. (2018) 223\u2013240.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315159591-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Fu Shaopeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shaopeng Fu, Fengxiang He, and Dacheng Tao. 2021. Knowledge removal in sampling-based bayesian inference. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","first-page":"1607","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Furlanello Tommaso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tommaso Furlanello, Zachary Lipton, Michael Tschannen, Laurent Itti, and Anima Anandkumar. 2018. Born again neural networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 1607\u20131616."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Monica Gagliano Michael Renton Martial Depczynski and Stefano Mancuso. 2014. Experience teaches plants to learn faster and forget slower in environments where it matters. Oecologia 175 1 (2014) 63\u201372. DOI:10.1007\/s00442-013-2873-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-013-2873-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keren Gaiger Oren Barkan Shir Tsipory-Samuel and Noam Koenigstein. 2023. Not all memories created equal: Dynamic user representations for collaborative filtering. IEEE Access 11 (2023) 34746\u201334763.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3263931"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","unstructured":"Rohit Gandikota Sheridan Feucht Samuel Marks and David Bau. 2024. Erasing conceptual knowledge from language models. arXiv:2410.02760. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2410.02760 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European symposium on artificial neural networks (ESANN)","author":"Gepperth Alexander","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alexander Gepperth and Barbara Hammer. 2016. Incremental learning algorithms and applications. In Proceedings of the European symposium on artificial neural networks (ESANN)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","unstructured":"Antonio Ginart Melody Guan Gregory Valiant and James Y. Zou. 2019. Making ai forget you: Data deletion in machine learning. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (2019) 3513\u20133526."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00932"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58526-6_23"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6247911"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","unstructured":"Yves Grandvalet and Yoshua Bengio. 2004. Semi-supervised learning by entropy minimization. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 17 (2004) 529\u2013536."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laura Graves Vineel Nagisetty and Vijay Ganesh. 2021. Amnesiac machine learning. 35th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence AAAI 2021 35 13A (2021) 11516\u201311524. DOI:10.1609\/aaai.v35i13.17371","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i13.17371"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauren Gravitz. 2019. The importance of forgetting. Nature 571 July (2019) S12\u2013S14.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-02211-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","unstructured":"Arthur Gretton Karsten M. Borgwardt Malte J. Rasch Bernhard Sch\u00f6lkopf and Alexander Smola. 2012. A kernel two-sample test. The Journal of Machine Learning Research 13 1 (2012) 723\u2013773."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-98414-3_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin Gui Ruifeng Xu Qin Lu Jiachen Du and Yu Zhou. 2018. Negative transfer detection in transductive transfer learning. International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics 9 1 (2018) 185\u2013197.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-016-0634-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","unstructured":"Chuan Guo Tom Goldstein Awni Hannun and Laurens Van Der Maaten. 2019. Certified data removal from machine learning models. arXiv:1911.03030. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1911.03030 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","unstructured":"Tao Guo Song Guo Jiewei Zhang Wenchao Xu and Junxiao Wang. 2022. Efficient attribute unlearning: Towards selective removal of input attributes from feature representations. arXiv:2202.13295. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2202.13295 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhongyi Han Haoliang Sun and Yilong Yin. 2022. Learning transferable parameters for unsupervised domain adaptation. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 31 (2022) 6424\u20136439.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2022.3184848"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","unstructured":"Moritz Hardt Eric Price and Nati Srebro. 2016. Equality of opportunity in supervised learning. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliver Hardt Karim Nader and Lynn Nadel. 2013. Decay happens: The role of active forgetting in memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17 3 (2013) 111\u2013120.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003106715-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Debra Hawhee and Bradford Vivian. 2009. Review essay: On the language of forgetting. Quarterly Journal of Speech 95 1 (2009) 89\u2013104. DOI:10.1080\/00335630802621094","DOI":"10.1080\/00335630802621094"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","unstructured":"Jamie Hayes Luca Melis George Danezis and Emiliano De Cristofaro. 2017. Logan: Membership inference attacks against generative models. arXiv:1705.07663. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1705.07663 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He He and Dongrui Wu. 2019. Transfer learning for brain\u2013computer interfaces: A Euclidean space data alignment approach. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 67 2 (2019) 399\u2013410.","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2913914"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","unstructured":"Yingzhe He Guozhu Meng Kai Chen Jinwen He and Xingbo Hu. 2021. Deepobliviate: A powerful charm for erasing data residual memory in deep neural networks. arXiv:2105.06209. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2105.06209 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","unstructured":"Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. 1998. Philosophy of fine art. (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","unstructured":"Daniel Heller-Roazen. 2005. Echolalias: On the forgetting of language. (2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ethan Hermer Ben Murphy Alexis S. Chaine and Julie Morand-Ferron. 2021. Great tits who remember more accurately have difficulty forgetting but variation is not driven by environmental harshness. Scientific Reports 11 1 (2021) 1\u201311. DOI:10.1038\/s41598-021-89125-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89125-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paula T. Hertel Melissa Gerstle Marco Costanzi Beatrice Cianfanelli Alessandro Santirocchi Stefano Lasaponara Pietro Spataro Clelia Rossi-Arnaud and Vincenzo Cestari. 2021. Depressive deficits in forgetting. Psychological Science 14 6 (112021) 573\u2013578. DOI:10.3390\/jpm11040241","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11040241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-2703"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erik Hoel. 2021. The overfitted brain: Dreams evolved to assist generalization. Patterns 2 5 (2021) 100244.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2021.100244"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","first-page":"9201","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Huang Long-Kai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Long-Kai Huang, Junzhou Huang, Yu Rong, Qiang Yang, and Ying Wei. 2022. Frustratingly easy transferability estimation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 9201\u20139225."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","unstructured":"Sheng-Jun Huang Rong Jin and Zhi-Hua Zhou. 2010. Active learning by querying informative and representative examples. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 23 (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","unstructured":"Masato Ishii and Masashi Sugiyama. 2021. Source-free domain adaptation via distributional alignment by matching batch normalization statistics. arXiv:2101.10842. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2101.10842 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","first-page":"2008","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics","author":"Izzo Zachary","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zachary Izzo, Mary Anne Smart, Kamalika Chaudhuri, and James Zou. 2021. Approximate data deletion from machine learning models. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics. PMLR, 2008\u20132016."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","unstructured":"Roman Jakobson and Luis Jorge Prieto. 1941. Kindersprache aphasie und allgemeine lautgesetze. (1941)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evelyn L Jensen Lawrence M. Dill and James F. Cahill Jr. 2011. Applying behavioral-ecological theory to plant defense: Light-dependent movement in Mimosa pudica suggests a trade-off between predation risk and energetic reward. The American Naturalist 177 3 (2011) 377\u2013381.","DOI":"10.1086\/658343"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","unstructured":"Jinghan Jia Yihua Zhang Yimeng Zhang Jiancheng Liu Bharat Runwal James Diffenderfer Bhavya Kailkhura and Sijia Liu. 2024. Soul: Unlocking the power of second-order optimization for llm unlearning. arXiv:2404.18239. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.18239 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58589-1_28"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rn Aslak Juliussen Jon Petter Rui and Dag Johansen. 2023. Algorithms that forget: Machine unlearning and the right to erasure. Computer Law & Security Review 51 Article 105885 (2023) 105885.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2023.105885"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael Kearns. 1998. Efficient noise-tolerant learning from statistical queries. Journal of the ACM (JACM) 45 6 (1998) 983\u20131006.","DOI":"10.1145\/293347.293351"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merel Keijzer. 2004. First language attrition: A cross-linguistic investigation of Jakobson\u2019s regression hypothesis. International Journal of Bilingualism 8 3 (2004) 389\u2013393.","DOI":"10.1177\/13670069040080030201"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58568-6_35"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon Kirby. 2001. Spontaneous evolution of linguistic structure-an iterated learning model of the emergence of regularity and irregularity. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 5 2 (2001) 102\u2013110.","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.918430"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon Kirby Tom Griffiths and Kenny Smith. 2014. Iterated learning and the evolution of language. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 28 (2014) 108\u2013114.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James Kirkpatrick Razvan Pascanu Neil Rabinowitz Joel Veness Guillaume Desjardins Andrei A. Rusu Kieran Milan John Quan Tiago Ramalho and Agnieszka Grabska-Barwinska. 2017. Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 13 (2017) 3521\u20133526.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611835114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_118_2","first-page":"1885","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Koh Pang Wei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pang Wei Koh and Percy Liang. 2017. Understanding black-box predictions via influence functions. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 1885\u20131894."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barbara K\u00f6pke. 2007. Language attrition at the crossroads of brain mind and society. (2007) 9\u201337. DOI:10.1075\/sibil.33.03kop","DOI":"10.1075\/sibil.33.03kop"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nate Kornell Matthew Jensen Hays and Robert A. Bjork. 2009. Unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance subsequent learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 35 4 (2009) 989.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015729"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. E. (Hans) Korteling Gillian C. van de Boer-Visschedijk Romy A. M. Blankendaal Rudy C. Boonekamp and Aletta R. Eikelboom. 2021. Human-versus artificial intelligence. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 4 (2021) 622364.","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2021.622364"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rn Krondorfer. 2008. Is forgetting reprehensible? Holocaust remembrance and the task of oblivion. Journal of Religious Ethics 36 2 (2008) 233\u2013267.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9795.2008.00345.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3514094.3534154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meghdad Kurmanji Peter Triantafillou Jamie Hayes and Eleni Triantafillou. 2024. Towards unbounded machine unlearning. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (2024) 1957\u20131987.","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-0095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Timothy D. Lee and Richard A. Magill. 1983. The locus of contextual interference in motor-skill acquisition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 9 4 (1983) 730\u2013746. DOI:10.1037\/0278-7393.9.4.730","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.9.4.730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_126_2","unstructured":"Fushan Li and Michael Bowling. 2019. Ease-of-teaching and language structure from emergent communication. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_127_2","unstructured":"Keqiuyin Li Jie Lu Hua Zuo and Guangquan Zhang. 2022. Dynamic classifier alignment for unsupervised multi-source domain adaptation. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 35 5 (2022) 4727\u20134740."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_128_2","unstructured":"Nathaniel Li Alexander Pan Anjali Gopal Summer Yue Daniel Berrios Alice Gatti Justin D. Li Ann-Kathrin Dombrowski Shashwat Goel and Long Phan. 2024. The wmdp benchmark: Measuring and reducing malicious use with unlearning. arXiv:2403.03218. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2403.03218 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_129_2","first-page":"6010","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Li Xingjian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xingjian Li, Haoyi Xiong, Haozhe An, Cheng-Zhong Xu, and Dejing Dou. 2020. Rifle: Backpropagation in depth for deep transfer learning through re-initializing the fully-connected layer. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 6010\u20136019."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang Li Wei Zhang Hui Ma Zhong Luo and Xu Li. 2020. Partial transfer learning in machinery cross-domain fault diagnostics using class-weighted adversarial networks. Neural Networks 129 (2020) 313\u2013322.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2020.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_131_2","unstructured":"Yuyuan Li Xiaolin Zheng Chaochao Chen and Junlin Liu. 2022. Making recommender systems forget: Learning and unlearning for erasable recommendation. arXiv:2203.11491. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2203.11491 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_132_2","first-page":"6028","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Liang Jian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jian Liang, Dapeng Hu, and Jiashi Feng. 2020. Do we really need to access the source data? source hypothesis transfer for unsupervised domain adaptation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 6028\u20136039."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan-Pin Lin and Tzyy-Ping Jung. 2017. Improving EEG-based emotion classification using conditional transfer learning. Frontiers in human neuroscience 11 (2017) 334.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00334"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_134_2","first-page":"3122","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Lipton Zachary","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zachary Lipton, Yu-Xiang Wang, and Alexander Smola. 2018. Detecting and correcting for label shift with black box predictors. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 3122\u20133130."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_135_2","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Lifelong Learning Agents","author":"Liu Bo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bo Liu, Qiang Liu, and Peter Stone. 2022. Continual learning and private unlearning. In Proceedings of the Conference on Lifelong Learning Agents. PMLR, 243\u2013254."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han Liu Peiyuan Xiong Tianqing Zhu and Philip S. Yu. 2025. A survey on machine unlearning: Techniques and new emerged privacy risks. Journal of Information Security and Applications 90 (2025) 104010. DOI:10.1016\/j.jisa.2024.104010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2024.104010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruijun Liu Yuqian Shi Changjiang Ji and Ming Jia. 2019. A survey of sentiment analysis based on transfer learning. IEEE Access 7 (2019) 85401\u201385412.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2925059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM48880.2022.9796974"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zihan Liu Lubin Meng Xiao Zhang Weili Fang and Dongrui Wu. 2021. Universal adversarial perturbations for CNN classifiers in EEG-based BCIs. Journal of Neural Engineering 18 4 (2021) 0460a4.","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac0f4c"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_140_2","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Long Mingsheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mingsheng Long, Yue Cao, Jianmin Wang, and Michael Jordan. 2015. Learning transferable features with deep adaptation networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 97\u2013105."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.274"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_142_2","first-page":"6437","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Lu Yuchen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuchen Lu, Soumye Singhal, Florian Strub, Aaron Courville, and Olivier Pietquin. 2020. Countering language drift with seeded iterated learning. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 6437\u20136447."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_143_2","unstructured":"Evelyn Ma Duo Zhou Peizhi Niu Huiting Zhou Huan Zhang Olgica Milenkovic and S. Rasoul Etesami. 2025. GUARD: Guided unlearning and retention via data attribution for large language models. arXiv:2506.10946. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.10946 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_144_2","first-page":"64","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Current Issues in Applied Memory Research","author":"MacLeod Malcolm D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malcolm D. MacLeod, Jo Saunders, and Laura Chalmers. 2009. Retrieval-induced forgetting: The unintended consequences of unintended forgetting. In Proceedings of the Current Issues in Applied Memory Research. Psychology Press, 64\u201385."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR48806.2021.9412617"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_146_2","unstructured":"Aleksander Madry Aleksandar Makelov Ludwig Schmidt Dimitris Tsipras and Adrian Vladu. 2017. Towards deep learning models resistant to adversarial attacks. arXiv:1706.06083. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1706.06083 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_147_2","unstructured":"Ananth Mahadevan and Michael Mathioudakis. 2021. Certifiable machine unlearning for linear models. (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ananth Mahadevan and Michael Mathioudakis. 2022. Certifiable unlearning pipelines for logistic regression: An experimental study. Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction 4 3 (2022) 591\u2013620.","DOI":"10.3390\/make4030028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_149_2","unstructured":"Pratyush Maini Zhili Feng Avi Schwarzschild Zachary C. Lipton and J. Zico Kolter. 2024. Tofu: A task of fictitious unlearning for llms. arXiv:2401.06121. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2401.06121 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45507-5_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alessandro Mantelero. 2013. The EU proposal for a general data protection regulation and the roots of the \u2018right to be forgotten\u2019. Computer Law & Security Review 29 3 (2013) 229\u2013235.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2013.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v36i7.20736"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674040595"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_154_2","unstructured":"James Martens. 2020. New insights and perspectives on the natural gradient method. The Journal of Machine Learning Research 21 1 (2020) 5776\u20135851."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_155_2","unstructured":"Muhammad Abdurrahman Ma\u2019sum Mahardhika Pratama and Igor Skrjanc. 2025. Latest advancements towards catastrophic forgetting under data scarcity: A comprehensive survey on few-shot class incremental learning. arXiv:2502.08181. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2502.08181 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ninareh Mehrabi Fred Morstatter Nripsuta Saxena Kristina Lerman and Aram Galstyan. 2021. A survey on bias and fairness in machine learning. ACM computing surveys (CSUR) 54 6 (2021) 1\u201335.","DOI":"10.1145\/3457607"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kourken Michaelian. 2011. The epistemology of forgetting. Erkenntnis 74 (2011) 399\u2013424.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10670-010-9232-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10591.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ralph R. Miller. 2021. Failures of memory and the fate of forgotten memories. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 181 (2021) 107426. DOI:10.1016\/j.nlm.2021.107426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2021.107426"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/48030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300356"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael Muller and Angelika Strohmayer. 2022. Forgetting practices in the data sciences. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517644"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_163_1","unstructured":"L. Munch. [n. d.]. The source explanation of the doxastic wronging thesis."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin Mundt Yongwon Hong Iuliia Pliushch and Visvanathan Ramesh. 2023. A wholistic view of continual learning with deep neural networks : Forgotten lessons and the bridge to active and open world learning. Neural Networks 160 (2023) 306\u2013336.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2023.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_165_2","first-page":"931","volume-title":"Algorithmic Learning Theory","author":"Neel Seth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seth Neel, Aaron Roth, and Saeed Sharifi-Malvajerdi. 2021. Descent-to-delete: Gradient-based methods for machine unlearning. In Algorithmic Learning Theory. PMLR, 931\u2013962."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195136241.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_167_2","first-page":"7294","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Nguyen Cuong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cuong Nguyen, Tal Hassner, Matthias Seeger, and Cedric Archambeau. 2020. Leep: A new measure to evaluate transferability of learned representations. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 7294\u20137305."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_168_2","unstructured":"Quoc Phong Nguyen Bryan Kian Hsiang Low and Patrick Jaillet. 2020. Variational bayesian unlearning. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 (2020) 16025\u201316036."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3488932.3517406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_170_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Nguyen Thanh Tam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thanh Tam Nguyen, Chi Thang Duong, Matthias Weidlich, Hongzhi Yin, and Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen. 2017. Retaining data from streams of social platforms with minimal regret. In Proceedings of the 26th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_171_2","unstructured":"Thanh Tam Nguyen Thanh Trung Huynh Phi Le Nguyen Alan Wee-Chung Liew Hongzhi Yin and Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen. 2022. A survey of machine unlearning. (2022). arXiv:2209.02299. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2209.02299"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuteng Niu Meryl Liu Yongxin Liu Jian Wang and Houbing Song. 2021. Distant domain transfer learning for medical imaging. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 25 10 (2021) 3784\u20133793.","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2021.3051470"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Helen Noble and Gary Mitchell. 2016. What is grounded theory? Evidence Based Nursing 19 2 (42016) 34 LP \u2013 35. DOI:10.1136\/eb-2016-102306","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2016-102306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simon N\u00f8rby. 2018. Forgetting and emotion regulation in mental health anxiety and depression. Memory 26 3 (32018) 342\u2013363. DOI:10.1080\/09658211.2017.1346130","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2017.1346130"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199753697.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_176_2","volume-title":"An Intelligence in Our Image: The Risks of Bias and Errors in Artificial Intelligence","author":"Osoba Osonde A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Osonde A. Osoba, William Welser IV, and William Welser. 2017. An Intelligence in Our Image: The Risks of Bias and Errors in Artificial Intelligence. Rand Corporation."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinno Jialin Pan and Qiang Yang. 2009. A survey on transfer learning. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 22 10 (2009) 1345\u20131359.","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2009.191"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"German I. Parisi Ronald Kemker Jose L. Part Christopher Kanan and Stefan Wermter. 2019. Continual lifelong learning with neural networks: A review. Neural Networks 113 (2019) 54\u201371.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_179_2","unstructured":"Martin Pawelczyk Seth Neel and Himabindu Lakkaraju. 2023. In-context unlearning: Language models as few shot unlearners. arXiv:2310.07579. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.07579 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_180_2","unstructured":"Fabian Pedregosa and Eleni Triantafillou. 2023. Announcing the first machine unlearning challenge \u2013 Google research blog. (2023) Retrieved from https:\/\/ai.googleblog.com\/2023\/06\/announcing-first-machine-unlearning.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11767"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_182_2","unstructured":"Hao Peng Jungo Kasai Nikolaos Pappas Dani Yogatama Zhaofeng Wu Lingpeng Kong Roy Schwartz and Noah A. Smith. 2021. Abc: Attention with bounded-memory control. arXiv:2110.02488. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2110.02488 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_183_2","unstructured":"Jian Peng Xian Sun Min Deng Chao Tao Bo Tang Wenbo Li Guohua Wu QingZhu Yu Liu Tao Lin and Haifeng Li. 2021. Learning by active forgetting for neural networks. (2021) 1\u201313. arXiv:2111.10831. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2111.10831"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jian Peng Bo Tang Hao Jiang Zhuo Li Yinjie Lei Tao Lin and Haifeng Li. 2021. Overcoming long-term catastrophic forgetting through adversarial neural pruning and synaptic consolidation. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems 33 9 (2021) 4243\u20134256.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3056201"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafael Peres da Silva Chayaporn Suphavilai and Niranjan Nagarajan. 2021. TUGDA: Task uncertainty guided domain adaptation for robust generalization of cancer drug response prediction from in vitro to in vivo settings. Bioinformatics 37 Supplement_1 (2021) i76\u2013i83.","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab299"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_186_2","unstructured":"Alexandra Peste Dan Alistarh and Christoph H. Lampert. 2021. Ssse: Efficiently erasing samples from trained machine learning models. arXiv:2107.03860. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2107.03860 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michele Pignatelli Tom\u00e1s J. Ryan Dheeraj S. Roy Chanel Lovett Lillian M. Smith Shruti Muralidhar and Susumu Tonegawa. 2019. Engram cell excitability state determines the efficacy of memory retrieval. Neuron 101 2 (2019) 274\u2013284.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400835867"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vladimir V. Pravosudov and Nicola S. Clayton. 2002. A test of the adaptive specialization hypothesis: Population differences in caching memory and the hippocampus in black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapilla). Behavioral Neuroscience 116 4 (2002) 515.","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.116.4.515"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kui Ren Tianhang Zheng Zhan Qin and Xue Liu. 2020. Adversarial attacks and defenses in deep learning. Engineering 6 3 (2020) 346\u2013360.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2019.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_191_2","unstructured":"Yi Ren Shangmin Guo Matthieu Labeau Shay B. Cohen and Simon Kirby. 2020. Compositional languages emerge in a neural iterated learning model. arXiv:2002.01365. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2002.01365 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blake A. Richards and Paul W. Frankland. 2017. The persistence and transience of memory. Neuron 94 6 (2017) 1071\u20131084.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.04.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226713465.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward A. Rodriguez Louis S. Borbely and Ronald S. Garcia. 1993. Attenuation by contextual cues of retroactive interference of a conditional discrimination in rats. Animal Learning & Behavior 21 (1993) 101\u2013105.","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03213388"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry L. Roediger III and Jeffrey D. Karpicke. 2006. Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychological Science 17 3 (2006) 249\u2013255.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_196_2","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Forgetting","author":"III Henry L. Roediger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Henry L. Roediger III, Yana Weinstein, and Pooja K. Agarwal. 2010. Forgetting: Preliminary considerations. In Proceedings of the Forgetting. Psychology Press, 15\u201336."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_197_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the NIPS 2005 Workshop on Transfer Learning","volume":"898","author":"Rosenstein Michael T.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Michael T. Rosenstein, Zvika Marx, Leslie Pack Kaelbling, and Thomas G. Dietterich. 2005. To transfer or not to transfer. In Proceedings of the NIPS 2005 Workshop on Transfer Learning, Vol. 898."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorsten Rudroff Oona Rainio and Riku Kl\u00e9n. 2024. Neuroplasticity meets artificial intelligence: A hippocampus-inspired approach to the stability\u2013plasticity dilemma. Brain Sciences 14 11 (2024) 1111.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14111111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael D. Rugg Leun J. Otten and Richard N. A. Henson. 2002. The neural basis of episodic memory: Evidence from functional neuroimaging. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357 1424 (2002) 1097\u20131110.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_200_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tom\u00e1s J. Ryan and Paul W. Frankland. 2022. Forgetting as a form of adaptive engram cell plasticity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 23 3 (2022) 173\u2013186. DOI:10.1038\/s41583-021-00548-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00548-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_201_2","first-page":"5558","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Sablayrolles Alexandre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alexandre Sablayrolles, Matthijs Douze, Cordelia Schmid, Yann Ollivier, and Herv\u00e9 J\u00e9gou. 2019. White-box vs black-box: Bayes optimal strategies for membership inference. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 5558\u20135567."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445518"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_203_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carolin Scholl Michael E. Rule and Matthias H. Hennig. 2021. The information theory of developmental pruning: Optimizing global network architectures using local synaptic rules. PLoS Computational Biology 17 10 (2021) e1009458.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009458"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_204_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chun-Wei Seah Yew-Soon Ong and Ivor W. Tsang. 2012. Combating negative transfer from predictive distribution differences. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics 43 4 (2012) 1153\u20131165.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2012.2225102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_205_2","unstructured":"Ayush Sekhari Jayadev Acharya Gautam Kamath and Ananda Theertha Suresh. 2021. Remember what youwant to forget: Algorithms for machine unlearning. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 22 NeurIPS (2021) 18075\u201318086."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_206_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287598"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_207_2","unstructured":"Ozan Sener and Silvio Savarese. 2017. Active learning for convolutional neural networks: A core-set approach. arXiv:1708.00489. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1708.00489 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_208_2","unstructured":"Burr Settles. 2009. Active learning literature survey. (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_209_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tabassum Shaik Xin Tao Hao Xie Lin Li Xiang Zhu and Qing Li. 2024. Exploring the landscape of machine unlearning: A comprehensive survey and taxonomy. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems 36 7 (2024) 11676\u201311696. DOI:10.1109\/TNNLS.2024.3413862","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2024.3413862"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181311551316"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_211_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.41"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_212_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norman J. Slamecka and Peter Graf. 1978. The generation effect: Delineation of a phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 4 6 (1978) 592.","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.4.6.592"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_213_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steven M. Smith Arthur Glenberg and Robert A. Bjork. 1978. Environmental context and human memory. Memory & Cognition 6 4 (1978) 342\u2013353.","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197465"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_214_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicholas C. Soderstrom and Robert A. Bjork. 2015. Learning versus performance: An integrative review. Perspectives on Psychological Science 10 2 (2015) 176\u2013199.","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691615569000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_215_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin R. Sonnenberg Carrie L. Branch Angela M. Pitera Eli Bridge and Vladimir V. Pravosudov. 2019. Natural selection and spatial cognition in wild food-caching mountain chickadees. Current Biology 29 4 (2019) 670\u2013676.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA40945.2020.9196744"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_217_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larry R. Squire. 2004. Memory systems of the brain: A brief history and current perspective. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 82 3 (2004) 171\u2013177.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2004.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_218_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin C. Storm. 2011. The benefit of forgetting in thinking and remembering. Current Directions in Psychological Science 20 5 (2011) 291\u2013295.","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411418469"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_219_2","unstructured":"Sainbayar Sukhbaatar Edouard Grave Piotr Bojanowski and Armand Joulin. 2019. Adaptive attention span in transformers. arXiv:1905.07799. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1905.07799 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_220_2","unstructured":"Sainbayar Sukhbaatar Da Ju Spencer Poff Stephen Roller Arthur Szlam Jason Weston and Angela Fan. 2021. Not all memories are created equal: Learning to forget by expiring. (2021). arXiv:2105.06548. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2105.06548"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_221_2","first-page":"278","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Robotics 2021","volume":"11884","author":"Sun Deyang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deyang Sun, Ning Wang, Jinlong Xu, and Hao Gao. 2021. Improved transfer learning based on EMD for parkinson\u2019s diagnosis. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Robotics 2021, Vol. 11884. SPIE, 278\u2013288."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_222_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu Sun Ke Tang Zexuan Zhu and Xin Yao. 2018. Concept drift adaptation by exploiting historical knowledge. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems 29 10 (2018) 4822\u20134832.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2017.2775225"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_223_2","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Psychology of Learning and Motivation","volume":"55","author":"Sweller John","year":"2011","unstructured":"John Sweller. 2011. Cognitive load theory. In Proceedings of the Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Vol. 55. Elsevier, 37\u201376."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_224_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01265"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_225_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayush K. Tarun Vikram S. Chundawat Murari Mandal and Mohan Kankanhalli. 2023. Fast yet effective machine unlearning. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems 35 9 (2023) 13046\u201313055.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2023.3266233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_226_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maria C. Tello-Ramos Carrie L. Branch Dovid Y. Kozlovsky Angela M. Pitera and Vladimir V. Pravosudov. 2019. Spatial memory and cognitive flexibility trade-offs: to be or not to be flexible that is the question. Animal Behaviour 147 (2019) 129\u2013136. DOI:10.1016\/j.anbehav.2018.02.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2018.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_227_2","unstructured":"Gabriel H. Teninbaum. 2016. Spaced repetition: A method for learning more law in less time. Journal of High Technology Law 17 (2016) 273."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_228_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP53844.2022.00027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_229_2","first-page":"4007","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 22)","author":"Thudi Anvith","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anvith Thudi, Hengrui Jia, Ilia Shumailov, and Nicolas Papernot. 2022. On the necessity of auditable algorithmic definitions for machine unlearning. In Proceedings of the 31st USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 22). 4007\u20134022."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_230_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei Tian Yongqiang Tang Liangchen Hu Zhida Ren and Wensheng Zhang. 2020. Domain adaptation by class centroid matching and local manifold self-learning. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 29 (2020) 9703\u20139718.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.3031220"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_231_2","unstructured":"Edward Chace Tolman and Charles H. Honzik. 1930. Introduction and removal of reward and maze performance in rats. University of California Publications in Psychology (1930)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_232_2","unstructured":"Mariya Toneva Alessandro Sordoni Remi Tachet des Combes Adam Trischler Yoshua Bengio and Geoffrey J. Gordon. 2018. An empirical study of example forgetting during deep neural network learning. arXiv:1812.05159. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1812.05159 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_233_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372834"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_234_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00148"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_235_2","unstructured":"Eleni Triantafillou Peter Kairouz Fabian Pedregosa Jamie Hayes Meghdad Kurmanji Kairan Zhao and Isabelle Guyon. 2024. Are we making progress in unlearning? findings from the first neurips unlearning competition. arXiv:2406.09073. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2406.09073 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_236_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter Tugwell and David Tovey. 2021. PRISMA 2020. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 134 (2021) A5\u2013A6.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_237_2","unstructured":"Endel Tulving. 1983. Elements of episodic memory. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_238_2","first-page":"1970","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence","author":"Turrisi Rosanna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rosanna Turrisi, R\u00e9mi Flamary, Alain Rakotomamonjy, and Massimiliano Pontil. 2022. Multi-source domain adaptation via weighted joint distributions optimal transport. In Proceedings of the Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence. PMLR, 1970\u20131980."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_239_2","first-page":"4126","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Learning Theory","author":"Ullah Enayat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Enayat Ullah, Tung Mai, Anup Rao, Ryan A. Rossi, and Raman Arora. 2021. Machine unlearning via algorithmic stability. In Proceedings of the Conference on Learning Theory. PMLR, 4126\u20134142."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_240_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47531-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_241_2","unstructured":"Ankit Vani Max Schwarzer Yuchen Lu Eeshan Dhekane and Aaron Courville. 2021. Iterated learning for emergent systematicity in vqa. arXiv:2105.01119. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2105.01119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_242_2","unstructured":"Scott W. Vann and Andrew A. Tawfik. 2020. Flow theory and learning experience design in gamified learning environments. Learner and User Experience Research (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_243_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998194"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_244_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eduard Fosch Villaronga Peter Kieseberg and Tiffany Li. 2018. Humans forget machines remember: Artificial intelligence and the right to be forgotten. Computer Law & Security Review 34 2 (2018) 304\u2013313.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2017.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_245_2","volume-title":"The End of Memory: Remembering Rightly in a Violent World","author":"Volf Miroslav","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miroslav Volf. 2021. The End of Memory: Remembering Rightly in a Violent World. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_246_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diane Walker and Florence Myrick. 2006. Grounded theory: An exploration of process and procedure. Qualitative Health Research 16 4 (2006) 547\u2013559.","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305285972"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_247_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2019.00031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_248_2","unstructured":"Liyuan Wang Mingtian Zhang Zhongfan Jia Qian Li Chenglong Bao Kaisheng Ma Jun Zhu and Yi Zhong. 2021. Afec: Active forgetting of negative transfer in continual learning. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 34 (2021) 22379\u201322391."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_249_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Wang Xing Zhang Hang Su and Jun Zhu. 2024. A comprehensive survey of continual learning: Theory method and application. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 46 8 (2024) 5362\u20135383. DOI:10.1109\/TPAMI.2023.3320059","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2023.3320059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_250_2","unstructured":"Mengru Wang Ningyu Zhang Ziwen Xu Zekun Xi Shumin Deng Yunzhi Yao Qishen Zhang Linyi Yang Jindong Wang and Huajun Chen. 2024. Detoxifying large language models via knowledge editing. arXiv:2403.14472. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2403.14472"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_251_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i04.6091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_252_2","unstructured":"Weiming Wang Zhihao Tian Chengyu Zhang and Shui Yu. 2024. Machine unlearning: A comprehensive survey. arXiv:2405.07406. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.07406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_253_2","unstructured":"Ximei Wang Ying Jin Mingsheng Long Jianmin Wang and Michael I. Jordan. 2019. Transferable normalization: Towards improving transferability of deep neural networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_254_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.01155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_255_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)","author":"Wang Zhenyi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhenyi Wang, Yan Li, Li Shen, and Heng Huang. 2024. A unified and general framework for continual learning. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_256_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhenyi Wang Enneng Yang Li Shen and Heng Huang. 2023. A comprehensive survey of forgetting in deep learning beyond continual learning. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 47 3 (2023) 1464\u20131483.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3498346"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_257_2","unstructured":"Alexander Warnecke Lukas Pirch Christian Wressnegger and Konrad Rieck. 2021. Machine unlearning of features and labels. arXiv:2108.11577. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2108.11577"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_258_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael J. Watkins and Olga C. Watkins. 1976. Cue-overload theory and the method of interpolated attributes. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 7 3 (1976) 289\u2013291.","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03337192"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_259_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brantley Watson. 1938. The similarity factor in transfer and inhibition. Journal of Educational Psychology 29 2 (1938) 145.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_260_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diana L. Wegner and Stephanie Lawless. 2021. The missing and murdered indigenous women and girls national inquiry: Meta-genre genre hybridity and social change. Discourse and Writing\/R\u00e9dactologie 31 (2021) 1\u201337.","DOI":"10.31468\/dw\/r.835"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_261_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Addison E. Woodward and Robert A. Bjork. 1971. Forgetting and remembering in free recall: Intentional and unintentional. Journal of Experimental Psychology 89 1 (1971) 109.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031188"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_262_2","unstructured":"Chen Wu Sencun Zhu and Prasenjit Mitra. 2022. Federated unlearning with knowledge distillation. arXiv:2201.09441. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2201.09441"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_263_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dongrui Wu. 2018. Pool-based sequential active learning for regression. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems 30 5 (2018) 1348\u20131359.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2018.2868649"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_264_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v36i8.20846"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_265_2","unstructured":"Jun Wu and Jingrui He. 2020. Continuous transfer learning with label-informed distribution alignment. arXiv:2006.03230. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.03230"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_266_2","first-page":"10355","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Wu Yinjun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yinjun Wu, Edgar Dobriban, and Susan Davidson. 2020. Deltagrad: Rapid retraining of machine learning models. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 10355\u201310366."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_267_2","unstructured":"Yuhuai Wu Markus N. Rabe DeLesley Hutchins and Christian Szegedy. 2022. Memorizing transformers. arXiv:2203.08913. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2203.08913"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_268_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3318464.3380571"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_269_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01499"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_270_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59081-3_42"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_271_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_272_2","unstructured":"Fangyuan Xu Weijia Shi and Eunsol Choi. 2023. RECOMP: Improving Retrieval-Augmented LMs with Compression and Selective Augmentation. (2023) 23 pages. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.04408"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_273_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heng Xu Tianqing Zhu Lefeng Zhang Wanlei Zhou and Philip S. Yu. 2023. Machine unlearning: A survey. ACM Computing Surveys 56 1 Article 9 (Aug.2023) 36 pages. DOI:10.1145\/3603620","DOI":"10.1145\/3603620"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_274_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00417"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_275_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2022\/556"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_276_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jingwen Ye Yifang Fu Jie Song Xingyi Yang Songhua Liu Xin Jin Mingli Song and Xinchao Wang. 2022. Learning with recoverable forgetting. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 13671 LNCS (2022) 87\u2013103. DOI:10.1007\/978-3-031-20083-0_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-20083-0_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_277_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSF.2018.00027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_278_2","first-page":"5085","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Ying Wei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wei Ying, Yu Zhang, Junzhou Huang, and Qiang Yang. 2018. Transfer learning via learning to transfer. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 5085\u20135094."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_279_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyunsoo Yoon and Jing Li. 2018. A novel positive transfer learning approach for telemonitoring of Parkinson\u2019s disease. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering 16 1 (2018) 180\u2013191.","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2018.2874233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_280_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_281_2","unstructured":"Yingyan Zeng Tianhao Wang Si Chen Hoang A. Just Ran Jin and R. Jia. 2021. Learning to refit for convex learning problems. arXiv:2111.12545. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2111.12545 https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:244527551"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_282_2","unstructured":"Chi Zhang Yujun Cai Guosheng Lin and Chunhua Shen. 2022. Deepemd: Differentiable earth mover\u2019s distance for few-shot learning. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 45 5 (2022) 5632\u20135648."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_283_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW63382.2024.00182"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_284_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haibo Zhang Toru Nakamura Takamasa Isohara and Kouichi Sakurai. 2023. A review on machine unlearning. SN Computer Science 4 4 (2023) 1\u201313. DOI:10.1007\/s42979-023-01767-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-023-01767-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_285_2","unstructured":"Ruiqi Zhang Licong Lin Yu Bai and Song Mei. 2024. Negative preference optimization: From catastrophic collapse to effective unlearning. arXiv:2404.05868. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.05868"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_286_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wen Zhang Lingfei Deng Lei Zhang and Dongrui Wu. 2023. A survey on negative transfer. IEEE\/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 10 2 (2023) 305\u2013329. DOI:10.1109\/JAS.2022.106004","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2022.106004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_287_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen Zhang and Dongrui Wu. 2020. Manifold embedded knowledge transfer for brain-computer interfaces. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 28 5 (2020) 1117\u20131127.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.2985996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_288_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao Zhang Dongrui Wu Lieyun Ding Hanbin Luo Chin-Teng Lin Tzyy-Ping Jung and Ricardo Chavarriaga. 2021. Tiny noise big mistakes: Adversarial perturbations induce errors in brain\u2013computer interface spellers. National Science Review 8 4 (2021) nwaa233.","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_289_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zexuan Zhong Tao Lei and Danqi Chen. 2022. Training language models with memory augmentation. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP\u201922). Association for Computational Linguistics Abu Dhabi UAE 5657\u20135673.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.382"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_290_2","unstructured":"Hattie Zhou Ankit Vani Hugo Larochelle and Aaron Courville. 2022. Fortuitous forgetting in connectionist networks. arXiv:2202.00155. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2202.00155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_291_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yongchun Zhu Fuzhen Zhuang Jindong Wang Guolin Ke Jingwu Chen Jiang Bian Hui Xiong and Qing He. 2020. Deep subdomain adaptation network for image classification. IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems 32 4 (2020) 1713\u20131722.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.2988928"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_292_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James Zou and Londa Schiebinger. 2018. AI can be sexist and racist\u2013it\u2019s time to make it fair. Nature 559 7714 (2018) 324\u2013326.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-05707-8"}],"container-title":["ACM Computing Surveys"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3796542","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T09:11:52Z","timestamp":1773565912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3796542"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":291,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3796542"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3796542","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-0300","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}