{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:58:21Z","timestamp":1781614701773,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"EPSRC NetworkPlus on Social Justice through the Digital Economy","award":["EP\/R044929\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R044929\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Older adults are often subjected to online attacks and can be vulnerable to social engineering. In addition to direct harms, this may contribute towards lower rates of technology use and digital literacy in older populations. Since September 2019, we have worked with older adult volunteers to create a peer-to-peer cybersecurity advocacy initiative. We present a thematic analysis of longitudinal qualitative data that explores links between cybersecurity and digital literacy. Our findings highlight a technical ceiling that limited some proactive changes for peer advocates and for those they reached. We suggest that overcoming such issues requires significant practical familiarity, aided by the provision of repeat practice in a safe environment and with longitudinal support. This, we position as part of a need for the integration of cybersecurity training within digital literacy education for older learners. Finally, we elaborate on the structure of our engagement in terms of layered and distributed scaffolding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3796705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T08:36:43Z","timestamp":1771058203000},"page":"1-56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scaffolding Online Safety in Older Communities: Exploring the Relationship between Digital Literacy and Cybersecurity"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3165-4387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Holt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8460-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","article-title":"Classrooms are adapting to the use of artificial intelligence","volume":"56","author":"Abrams Zara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zara Abrams. 2025. Classrooms are adapting to the use of artificial intelligence. Monitor on Psychology 56. Retrieved August 18, 2025 from https:\/\/www.apa.org\/monitor\/2025\/01\/trends-classrooms-artificial-intelligence","journal-title":"Monitor on Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/GKMC-06-2020-0075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716211423363"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.89.4.369"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Monica Anderson and Andrew Perrin. 2017. Tech Adoption Climbs Among Older Adults. Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 4 2024 from https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2017\/05\/17\/tech-adoption-climbs-among-older-adults\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351232"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSPW51379.2020.00036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464817737621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043647"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","volume-title":"Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners","author":"Braun Virginia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2013. Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners. SAGE, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"65","volume-title":"IFIP World Conference on Information Security Education","author":"Briddick Curtis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Curtis Briddick, Pam Briggs, and James Nicholson. 2024. Using breach and attack demonstrations to explain spear phishing attacks to young adults. In IFIP World Conference on Information Security Education. Springer, 65\u201380."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2008.00914.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"55","article-title":"Embracing older adults in online learning","volume":"21","author":"B\u00fclb\u00fcl Ali Haydar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ali Haydar B\u00fclb\u00fcl, Serpil G\u00fcnaydin, and Hatice Ferhan Odaba\u015fi. 2022. Embracing older adults in online learning. Turk. Online J. Educ. Technol. 21, 1 (2022), 55\u201367.","journal-title":"Turk. Online J. Educ. Technol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09610006221101898"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Katerina Cerna and Claudia M\u00fcller. 2021. Making online participatory design work: Understanding the digital ecologies of older adults. DOI: 10.18420\/ECSCW2021_N22","DOI":"10.18420\/ECSCW2021_N22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3492831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3627106.3627196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-005-1277-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbu018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 SIGCHI Workshop on Designing Interactions for the Ageing Populations-Addressing Global Challenges","author":"Das Sanchari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanchari Das, Andrew Kim, Ben Jelen, Joshua Streiff, L. Jean Camp, and Lesa Huber. 2020. Why don\u2019t older adults adopt two-factor authentication? In Proceedings of the 2020 SIGCHI Workshop on Designing Interactions for the Ageing Populations-Addressing Global Challenges, 1\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025913"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","unstructured":"Federal Trade Commission. Keeping Older Adults Safe from Scams. Retrieved August 22 2024 from https:\/\/consumer.ftc.gov\/consumer-alerts\/2021\/10\/keeping-older-adults-safe-scams"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203838020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","unstructured":"Marvin Formosa. 2012. Critical geragogy: Situating theory in practice. J. Contemp. Educ. Stud. 63 5 (2012) 36\u201354. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.um.edu.mt\/library\/oar\/handle\/123456789\/1212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706599.3719816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"21","volume-title":"15th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS \u201919)","author":"Frik Alisa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alisa Frik, Leysan Nurgalieva, Julia Bernd, Joyce Lee, Florian Schaub, and Serge Egelman. 2019. Privacy and security threat models and mitigation strategies of older adults. In 15th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS \u201919), 21\u201340."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03601277.2013.863097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648221091236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.874025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matthew D. Grilli Katelyn S. McVeigh Ziad M. Hakim Aubrey Wank Sarah J. Getz Bonnie Levin Natalie C. Ebner and Robert C. Wilson. 2020. Is this phishing? Older age is associated with greater difficulty discriminating between safe and fraudulent emails. DOI: 10.31234\/osf.io\/upf6c","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/upf6c"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"Theo Guidroz Diego Ardila Jimmy Li Adam Mansour Paul Jhun Nina Gonzalez Xiang Ji Mike Sanchez Sujay Kakarmath Mathias M. J. Bellaiche et al. 2025. LLM-based text simplification and its effect on user comprehension and cognitive load. arXiv:2505.01980. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.01980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3663548.3675666"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/28010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0549"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.01.062"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08946566.2013.821809"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2021.1921365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","unstructured":"Irina Jurenka Markus Kunesch Kevin R. McKee Daniel Gillick Shaojian Zhu Sara Wiltberger Shubham Milind Phal Katherine Hermann Daniel Kasenberg Avishkar Bhoopchand et al. Towards responsible development of generative AI for education: An evaluation-driven approach. arXiv:2407.12687. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.12687"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","first-page":"39","volume-title":"11th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS \u201915)","author":"Kang Ruogu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ruogu Kang, Laura Dabbish, Nathaniel Fruchter, and Sara Kiesler. 2015. {\u201cMy} data just goes {everywhere:\u201d} user mental models of the internet and implications for privacy and security. In 11th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS \u201915), 39\u201352."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20075404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep3204_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3431280"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpim.12176"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3585712"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07317115.2015.1101632"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121359"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26300\/b47y-mh41"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.299"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03601270490272124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3617072.3617099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","first-page":"2047","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting","author":"Mitzner Tracy L.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tracy L. Mitzner, Cara Bailey Fausset, Julie B. Boron, Anne E. Adams, Katinka Dijkstra, Chin Chin Lee, Wendy A. Rogers, and Arthur D. Fisk. 2008. Older adults\u2019 training preferences for learning to use technology. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. Sage Publications Sage CA, Los Angeles, CA, 2047\u20132051."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gny113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1100521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3582515.3609565"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300579"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3393914.3395871"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445078"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. 2022. Phishing attacks\u2014Who is most at risk? Retrieved August 22 2024 from https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/articles\/phishingattackswhoismostatrisk\/2022-09-26"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-020-09532-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","first-page":"319","volume-title":"15th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS \u201919)","author":"Pearman Sarah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sarah Pearman, Shikun Aerin Zhang, Lujo Bauer, Nicolas Christin, and Lorrie Faith Cranor. 2019. Why people (don\u2019t) use password managers effectively. In 15th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS \u201919), 319\u2013338."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. 2024. Mobile Fact Sheet: Tech Adoption Trends. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/fact-sheet\/mobile\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02601370.2021.1919768"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vijay Prakash Kevin Lee Arkaprabha Bhattacharya Danny Yuxing Huang and Jessica Staddon. 2024. Learned Lagged LLM-splained: LLM Responses to End User Security Questions. DOI: 10.48550\/arXiv.2411.14571","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2411.14571"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.20048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315455334-3","volume-title":"Theorizing Digital Divides","author":"Ragnedda Massimo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Massimo Ragnedda and Maria Laura Ruiu. 2017. Social capital and the three levels of digital divide. In Theorizing Digital Divides. Massimo Ragnedda and Glenn W. Muschert (Eds.), Routledge, 21\u201334."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","first-page":"73","volume-title":"30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 21)","author":"Ray Hirak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hirak Ray, Flynn Wolf, Ravi Kuber, and Adam J. Aviv. 2021. Why older adults (don\u2019t) use password managers. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 21), 73\u201390."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2017.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","first-page":"432","volume-title":"An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research","author":"Rogers Everett M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Everett M. Rogers, Arvind Singhal, and Margaret M. Quinlan. 2014. Diffusion of innovations. In An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research. Don W. Stacks and Michael B. Salwen (Eds.), Routledge, 432\u2013448."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614535935"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2022.104695"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22230\/cjc.2017v42n2a3130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.101020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00909882.2019.1587176"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949803100404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls1303_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chenhao Tang Zhengliang Liu Chong Ma Zihao Wu Yiwei Li Wei Liu Dajiang Zhu Quanzheng Li Xiang Li Tianming Liu and Lei Fan. 2023. PolicyGPT: Automated Analysis of Privacy Policies with Large Language Models. DOI: 10.48550\/arXiv.2309.10238","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2309.10238"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557275"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2696867"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11193-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929x.2021.1934732"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1837110.1837125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1976.tb00381.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-025-10530-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12239-014-0034-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eCRS.2013.6805770"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56553\/popets-2024-0009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","unstructured":"2023. Artificial Intelligence and Future of Teaching and Learning: Insights and Recommendations. Office of Educational Technology U.S. Department of Education Washington D.C. Retrieved August 18 2025 from https:\/\/www.ed.gov\/sites\/ed\/files\/documents\/ai-report\/ai-report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","unstructured":"AI in schools and colleges: What you need to know. The Education Hub. Retrieved August 18 2025 from https:\/\/educationhub.blog.gov.uk\/2025\/06\/artificial-intelligence-in-schools-everything-you-need-to-know\/"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3796705","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:32:30Z","timestamp":1781613150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3796705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3796705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3796705","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-0516","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}