{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T01:49:37Z","timestamp":1782006577100,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":34,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Novo Nordisk Foundation (Data Science Collaborative Research Programme 2022 )","award":["NNF22OC0076877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF22OC0076877"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3797246.3805483","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T12:08:10Z","timestamp":1780056490000},"page":"1-7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unsupervised Profiling of L2 Reading from Eye Tracking Data in the MECO-L2 Dataset."],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7385-1102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Sabbir","family":"Hossain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (DTU Compute), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5220-3609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashkan","family":"Tashk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Section for Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0766-3531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaudhary Muhammad Aqdus","family":"Ilyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Section for Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3215-8608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhana","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (DTU Compute), Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6720-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per","family":"B\u00e6kgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Section for Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muhammad\u00a0M.M. Abdel Latif. 2019. Eye-tracking in Recent L2 Learner Process Research: A Review of Areas Issues and Methodological Approaches. System 83 (2019) 25\u201335. 10.1016\/j.system.2019.02.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2019.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ecenaz Alemdag and Kursat Cagiltay. 2018. A systematic review of eye tracking research on multimedia learning. Computers & Education 125 (2018) 413\u2013428. 10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.06.023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tadeusz Cali\u0144ski and Jerzy Harabasz. 1974. A Dendrite Method for Cluster Analysis. Communications in Statistics 3 1 (1974) 1\u201327. 10.1080\/03610927408827101","DOI":"10.1080\/03610927408827101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kathy Conklin Sara Alotaibi Ana Pellicer-S\u00e1nchez and Laura Vilkait\u0117-Lozdien\u0117. 2020. What Eye-Tracking Tells Us about Reading-Only and Reading-While-Listening in a First and Second Language. Second Language Research 36 3 (2020) 257\u2013276. 10.1177\/0267658320921496","DOI":"10.1177\/0267658320921496"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"David\u00a0L. Davies and Donald\u00a0W. Bouldin. 1979. A Cluster Separation Measure. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-1 2 (1979) 224\u2013227. 10.1109\/TPAMI.1979.4766909","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1979.4766909"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-609-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ralf Engbert Ralf Nuthmann Eike\u00a0M. Richter and Reinhold Kliegl. 2005. SWIFT: A Dynamical Model of Saccade Generation During Reading. Psychological Review 112 4 (2005) 777\u2013813. 10.1037\/0033-295X.112.4.777","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.112.4.777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S\u00fckr\u00fc Eraslan Yeliz Ye\u015filada and Simon Harper. 2016. Eye Tracking Scanpath Analysis Techniques on Web Pages: A Survey Evaluation and Comparison. Journal of Eye Movement Research 9 1 (2016) 1\u201319. 10.16910\/jemr.9.1.2","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.9.1.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315775616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aline Godfroid Brittany Finch and Joanne Koh. 2024. Reporting Eye-tracking Research in Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism: A Synthesis and Field-specific Guidelines. Language Learning 75 S1 (2024) 250\u2013294. 10.1111\/lang.12664","DOI":"10.1111\/lang.12664"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shuyue Guan and Murray Loew. 2022. A Distance-Based Separability Measure for Internal Cluster Validation. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 36 1 (2022) 2256005. 10.1142\/S0218213022600053","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218213022600053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jukka Hy\u00f6n\u00e4 and Anne-Mari Nurminen. 2006. Do Adult Readers Know How They Read? Evidence from Eye Movement Patterns and Verbal Reports. British Journal of Psychology 97 1 (2006) 31\u201350. 10.1348\/000712605X53678","DOI":"10.1348\/000712605X53678"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anil\u00a0K. Jain. 2010. Data Clustering: 50 Years Beyond k-Means. Pattern Recognition Letters 31 8 (2010) 651\u2013666. 10.1016\/j.patrec.2009.09.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2009.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2015.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marcel\u00a0A. Just and Patricia\u00a0A. Carpenter. 1980. A Theory of Reading: From Eye Fixations to Comprehension. Psychological Review 87 4 (1980) 329\u2013354. 10.1037\/0033-295X.87.4.329","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.4.329"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johanna\u00a0K. Kaakinen and Jukka Hy\u00f6n\u00e4. 2008. Perspective-based Text Comprehension: Effects of Perspective on Text Memory Reading Time and Eye Movements. Applied Cognitive Psychology 22 3 (2008) 319\u2013334. 10.1002\/acp.1412","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Walter Kintsch and Teun\u00a0A. van Dijk. 1978. Toward a Model of Text Comprehension and Production. Psychological Review 85 5 (1978) 363\u2013394. 10.1037\/0033-295X.85.5.363","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.85.5.363"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Changwan Ko Jaeseung Baek Behnam Tavakkol and Young-Seon Jeong. 2023. Cluster Validity Index for Uncertain Data Based on a Probabilistic Distance Measure in Feature Space. Sensors 23 7 (2023) 3708. 10.3390\/s23073708","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u0160imon Kucharsk\u00fd Eva Visser Gabriel\u00a0O. Tru\u0163escu Philip\u00a0G. Laurence Martina Zaharieva Jelle\u00a0Sjoerd de Jong and Han L.\u00a0J. van\u00a0der Maas. 2020. Cognitive Strategies Revealed by Clustering Eye Movement Transitions. Journal of Eye Movement Research 13 1 (2020) 1\u201324. 10.16910\/jemr.13.1.1","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.13.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Victor Kuperman Noam Siegelman Sascha Schroeder Cengiz Acart\u00fcrk Svetlana Alexeeva Simona Amenta et\u00a0al. 2023. Text Reading in English as a Second Language: Evidence from the Multilingual Eye-movements Corpus. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 45 1 (2023) 3\u201337. 10.1017\/S0272263121000954","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263121000954"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simon\u00a0P. Liversedge and John\u00a0M. Findlay. 2000. Saccadic Eye Movements and Cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 1 (2000) 6\u201314. 10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01418-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01418-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1705.07874"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Diane\u00a0C. M\u00e9zi\u00e8re Lili Yu Genevieve McArthur Erik\u00a0D. Reichle and Titus von\u00a0der Malsburg. 2024. Scanpath Regularity as an Index of Reading Comprehension. Scientific Studies of Reading 28 1 (2024) 79\u2013100. 10.1080\/10888438.2023.2232063","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2023.2232063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Diane\u00a0C. M\u00e9zi\u00e8re Lili Yu Erik\u00a0D. Reichle Titus von\u00a0der Malsburg and Genevieve McArthur. 2023. Using Eye-Tracking Measures to Predict Reading Comprehension. Reading Research Quarterly 58 3 (2023) 425\u2013449. 10.1002\/rrq.498","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.498"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ralph Radach and Alan Kennedy. 2004. Theoretical Perspectives on Eye Movements in Reading: Past Controversies Current Issues and an Agenda for Future Research. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 16 1-2 (2004) 3\u201326. 10.1080\/09541440340000295","DOI":"10.1080\/09541440340000295"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Keith Rayner. 1998. Eye Movements in Reading and Information Processing: 20 Years of Research. Psychological Bulletin 124 3 (1998) 372\u2013422. 10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Keith Rayner. 2009. The 35th Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture: Eye Movements and Attention in Reading Scene Perception and Visual Search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62 8 (2009) 1457\u20131506. 10.1080\/17470210902816461","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210902816461"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erik\u00a0D. Reichle Alexander Pollatsek Donald\u00a0L. Fisher and Keith Rayner. 1998. Toward a Model of Eye Movement Control in Reading. Psychological Review 105 1 (1998) 125\u2013157. 10.1037\/0033-295X.105.1.125","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.1.125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peter\u00a0J. Rousseeuw. 1987. Silhouettes: A Graphical Aid to the Interpretation and Validation of Cluster Analysis. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 20 (1987) 53\u201365. 10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali Shirkhorshidi Saeed Asghari Teh\u00a0Ying Wah and Tutut Herawan. 2015. A Comparison Study on Similarity and Distance Measures for Cluster Validation. Information Processing and Management 51 1 (2015) 82\u201397. 10.1371\/journal.pone.0144059","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noam Siegelman Sascha Schroeder Cengiz Acart\u00fcrk Hae-In\u00a0D. Ahn Svetlana Alexeeva Simona Amenta others and Victor Kuperman. 2022. Expanding Horizons of Cross-Linguistic Research on Reading: The Multilingual Eye-Movement Corpus (MECO). Behavior Research Methods 54 6 (2022) 2843\u20132863. 10.3758\/s13428-021-01772-6","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01772-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noam Siegelman Sascha Schroeder Yingying Bao et\u00a0al. 2025. Wave 2 of the Multilingual Eye-Movement Corpus (MECO): New Text Reading Data across Languages. Scientific Data 12 (2025) 1183. 10.1038\/s41597-025-05453-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-05453-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rurik Tywoniw. 2023. Compensatory Effects of Individual Differences Language Proficiency and Reading Behavior: An Eye-tracking Study of Second Language Reading Assessment. Frontiers in Communication 8 (2023) 1176986. 10.3389\/fcomm.2023.1176986","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2023.1176986"}],"event":{"name":"ETRA '26: 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","location":"Marrakesh Morocco","acronym":"ETRA '26","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction","SIGGRAPH ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3797246.3805483","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T01:13:17Z","timestamp":1782004397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3797246.3805483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3797246.3805483","10.1145\/3797246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3797246.3805483","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}