{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T10:54:39Z","timestamp":1781866479424,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":31,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3797248.3816055","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T10:46:08Z","timestamp":1781865968000},"page":"143-148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["FedLLM4HW: Carbon-Aware Federated Triage of Hardware Weaknesses in LLM-Generated Verilog Code"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7039-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parsa","family":"Mirfasihi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8735-2342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0370-2224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hariharan","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9551-2263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josh","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9163-3707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melika","family":"Akbarsharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2985-4516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana","family":"Akbarsharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1217-8471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Martin Encinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3139-8333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pratik","family":"Satam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7552-8753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyotikrishna","family":"Dass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5761-9865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rozhin","family":"Yasaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5998-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soheil","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"ACM SIGDA and Intel Corporation. 2018. Hack@DAC: Hardware Security Challenge Contest at the Design Automation Conference. https:\/\/www.sigda.org\/sigda-events\/hackdac\/. Annual SoC security bug-hunting competition launched 2018; documented in\u00a0[6]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3508352.3549369"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2228360.2228584"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSC50631.2021.00045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"Luca Collini Baleegh Ahmad Joey Ah-kiow and Ramesh Karri. 2026. MARVEL: Multi-Agent RTL Vulnerability Extraction using Large Language Models. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2505.11963\u00a0[cs.CR] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.11963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","first-page":"213","volume-title":"28th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 19)","author":"Dessouky Ghada","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghada Dessouky, David Gens, Patrick Haney, Garrett Persyn, Arun Kanuparthi, Hareesh Khattri, Jason\u00a0M. Fung, Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi, and Jeyavijayan Rajendran. 2019. HardFails: Insights into Software-Exploitable Hardware Bugs. In 28th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 19). 213\u2013230."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2025\/895"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"Deepak\u00a0Narayan Gadde Aman Kumar Thomas Nalapat Evgenii Rezunov and Fabio Cappellini. 2024. All Artificial Less Intelligence: GenAI through the Lens of Formal Verification. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2403.16750\u00a0[cs.AI] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2403.16750"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","first-page":"16937","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Geiping Jonas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jonas Geiping, Hartmut Bauermeister, Hannah Dr\u00f6ge, and Michael Moeller. 2020. Inverting Gradients - How easy is it to break privacy in federated learning?. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , H.\u00a0Larochelle, M.\u00a0Ranzato, R.\u00a0Hadsell, M.F. Balcan, and H.\u00a0Lin (Eds.), Vol.\u00a033. Curran Associates, Inc., 16937\u201316947. https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper_files\/paper\/2020\/file\/c4ede56bbd98819ae6112b20ac6bf145-Paper.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sujan Ghimire Yu-Zheng Lin Muntasir Mamun Muhtasim\u00a0Alam Chowdhury Farhad Alemi Shuyu Cai Jinduo Guo Mingyu Zhu Honghui Li Banafsheh Saber\u00a0Latibari Setareh Rafatirad Pratik Satam and Soheil Salehi. 2025. HWREx: AI-enabled Hardware Weakness and Risk Exploration and Storytelling Framework with LLM-assisted Mitigation Suggestion. ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst. 30 6 Article 104 (Oct. 2025) 33\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3737459","DOI":"10.1145\/3737459"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MLCAD65511.2025.11189213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"Weirui Kuang Bingchen Qian Zitao Li Daoyuan Chen Dawei Gao Xuchen Pan Yuexiang Xie Yaliang Li Bolin Ding and Jingren Zhou. 2023. FederatedScope-LLM: A Comprehensive Package for Fine-tuning Large Language Models in Federated Learning. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2309.00363\u00a0[cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2309.00363"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"Tian Li Anit\u00a0Kumar Sahu Manzil Zaheer Maziar Sanjabi Ameet Talwalkar and Virginia Smith. 2020. Federated Optimization in Heterogeneous Networks. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1812.06127\u00a0[cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1812.06127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"Yu-Zheng Lin Sujan Ghimire Abhiram Nandimandalam Jonah\u00a0Michael Camacho Unnati Tripathi Rony Macwan Sicong Shao Setareh Rafatirad Rozhin Yasaei Pratik Satam and Soheil Salehi. 2025. LLM-HyPZ: Hardware Vulnerability Discovery using an LLM-Assisted Hybrid Platform for Zero-Shot Knowledge Extraction and Refinement. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2509.00647\u00a0[cs.CR] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2509.00647"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"Mingjie Liu Nathaniel Pinckney Brucek Khailany and Haoxing Ren. 2023. VerilogEval: Evaluating Large Language Models for Verilog Code Generation. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2309.07544\u00a0[cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2309.07544"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lad62341.2024.10691788"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"Xiang Long Yingjie Xia Xiyuan Chen and Li Kuang. 2025. VerilogLAVD: LLM-Aided Rule Generation for Vulnerability Detection in Verilog. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2508.13092\u00a0[cs.CR] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2508.13092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"Yao Lu Shang Liu Qijun Zhang and Zhiyao Xie. 2023. RTLLM: An Open-Source Benchmark for Design RTL Generation with Large Language Model. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2308.05345\u00a0[cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2308.05345"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3769102.3770625"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"MITRE. 2025. 2025 CWE Most Important Hardware Weaknesses. https:\/\/cwe.mitre.org\/topHW\/archive\/2025\/2025_CWE_MIHW.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"Madhav Nair Rajat Sadhukhan and Debdeep Mukhopadhyay. 2023. Generating Secure Hardware using ChatGPT Resistant to CWEs. Cryptology ePrint Archive Paper 2023\/212. https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2023\/212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3157794.3157797"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAD51958.2021.9643538"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCD.2013.6657085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"Sebastian\u00a0U. Stich Jean-Baptiste Cordonnier and Martin Jaggi. 2018. Sparsified SGD with Memory. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1809.07599\u00a0[cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1809.07599"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shailja Thakur Baleegh Ahmad Hammond Pearce Benjamin Tan Brendan Dolan-Gavitt Ramesh Karri and Siddharth Garg. 2024. VeriGen: A Large Language Model for Verilog Code Generation. ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst. 29 3 Article 46 (April 2024) 31\u00a0pages. 10.1145\/3643681","DOI":"10.1145\/3643681"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_28_2","unstructured":"Anjiang Wei Huanmi Tan Tarun Suresh Daniel Mendoza Thiago S. F.\u00a0X. Teixeira Ke Wang Caroline Trippel and Alex Aiken. 2025. VeriCoder: Enhancing LLM-Based RTL Code Generation through Functional Correctness Validation. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2504.15659\u00a0[cs.AR] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2504.15659"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3464298.3493399"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_30_2","unstructured":"Honghui Xu Shiva Shrestha Wei Chen Zhiyuan Li and Zhipeng Cai. 2025. DP-FedLoRA: Privacy-Enhanced Federated Fine-Tuning for On-Device Large Language Models. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2509.09097\u00a0[cs.CR] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2509.09097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_31_2","unstructured":"Rui Ye Wenhao Wang Jingyi Chai Dihan Li Zexi Li Yinda Xu Yaxin Du Yanfeng Wang and Siheng Chen. 2024. OpenFedLLM: Training Large Language Models on Decentralized Private Data via Federated Learning. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2402.06954\u00a0[cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.06954"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_32_2","unstructured":"Ashkan Yousefpour Shen Guo Ashish Shenoy Sayan Ghosh Pierre Stock Kiwan Maeng Schalk-Willem Kr\u00fcger Michael Rabbat Carole-Jean Wu and Ilya Mironov. 2023. Green Federated Learning. arxiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2303.14604\u00a0[cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2303.14604"}],"event":{"name":"IGSC '26: International Green and Sustainable Computing Conference","location":"Canandaigua USA","acronym":"IGSC 2026","sponsor":["SIGDA ACM Special Interest Group on Design Automation"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Green and Sustainable Computing Conference"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T10:48:07Z","timestamp":1781866087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3797248.3816055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3797248.3816055","10.1145\/3797248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3797248.3816055","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}