{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:09:30Z","timestamp":1774350570559,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024A1515012323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515012323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2025 Shenzhen University of Information Technology Research Start-up Project for Young Faculty","award":["SUIT2025KJ004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUIT2025KJ004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Internet Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The quest for carbon neutrality in the 21st century has led to the rise of decentralized low-carbon energy systems as a promising solution. Blockchain technology has played a pivotal role in catalyzing this transition, with various Web3 projects exploring decentralized operational models and carbon credit markets. However, there is a notable gap in harnessing blockchain\u2019s potential to integrate electric vehicles (EVs) into low-carbon energy systems effectively. This article addresses this gap by proposing a decentralized low-carbon EV charging system that enables transactions between individual low-carbon energy producers and EV owners. Leveraging blockchain and smart contracts, the proposed system issues low-carbon tokens to certify and incentivize environmentally conscious charging behaviors, while enabling token circulation to further promote low-carbon participation. A blockchain-based double auction mechanism is designed to ensure fair and efficient energy allocation, achieving individual rationality, incentive compatibility, and social welfare maximization. By incentivizing user engagement and ensuring fair transactions, this model paves the way for sustainable EV integration within low-carbon energy systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3799704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T09:32:01Z","timestamp":1772443921000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Blockchain-based Decentralized Low-carbon Electric Vehicle Charging System"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0904-2073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"School of Computer and Software, Shenzhen University of Information Technology","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0840-0621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8773-1246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoran","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9379-2232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lehao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9713-8211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University","place":["Montreal, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4658-0034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington - Tacoma Campus","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2992698"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2018.2815502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2023.3307360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.06.118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2020.106853"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2015.2495181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3068730"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113604"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2020.08.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seta.2022.102108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3685932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SEST.2019.8849111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10030307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2012.2218834"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/math10152748"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13147962"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJITS.2020.3004870"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.1959"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2023.3345450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0531(92)90091-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2993601"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2936935"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3131395","article-title":"A double auction mechanism for resource allocation in coded vehicular edge computing","volume":"71","author":"Ng Jer Shyuan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jer Shyuan Ng, Wei Yang Bryan Lim, Zehui Xiong, Dusit Niyato, Cyril Leung, and Chunyan Miao. 2021. A double auction mechanism for resource allocation in coded vehicular edge computing. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 71, 2 (2021), 1832\u20131845.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.02.105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2008.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3103\/S0003701X19030101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2020.101844"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2021.3109103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.05.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2022.3230014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3178429"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2020.3020044"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2958403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3165819"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Internet Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3799704","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T09:01:50Z","timestamp":1774342910000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3799704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3799704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3799704","relation":{},"ISSN":["1533-5399","1557-6051"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1533-5399","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-6051","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}