{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:01:32Z","timestamp":1775840492396,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Nos. 62027815, 62174048, 62274052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 62027815, 62174048, 62274052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Strong Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are critical for lightweight authentication in the Internet of Things (IoT). However, traditional Strong PUF designs are susceptible to advanced Machine Learning (ML) modeling attacks. In this article, we propose a novel modeling-attack-resilient Strong PUF architecture that transforms the challenge-response mapping from a statically approximable function into a mathematically rigorous Keyed Pseudo-Random Function (Keyed-PRF). The proposed architecture features two core innovations: a Sponge-Based Configuration Mechanism (SCM) that utilizes reliable Weak PUFs to dynamically configure the feedback polynomial of a Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR), effectively creating a device-specific secret key; and a Response-Modulated State Evolution Mechanism (RM-SEM), where the instantaneous physical responses of the underlying Arbiter PUF determine the evolution step size of the LFSR. This creates a deep temporal feedback loop that transforms the system into a Hidden Markov Model (HMM), blocking gradient-based learning strategies. We also introduce a reliability screening strategy based on a strict bit-error-rate threshold to ensure stability. Experimental results on Xilinx Artix-7 FPGAs demonstrate that the proposed PUF maintains a prediction accuracy of approximately 50% against four mainstream modeling attacks even with 1 million training Challenge-Response Pairs (CRPs). Furthermore, the design exhibits excellent uniformity, uniqueness, and reliability, achieving these security properties with minimal hardware overhead.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3801570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T21:23:51Z","timestamp":1773091431000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Lightweight PUF With Immunity to Machine Learning Attacks Based on a Weak-PUF-Assisted Reconfigurable LFSR and Temporal Feedback"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5522-1670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4081-6499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5980-2560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1488-6734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinlong","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8630-1623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Langyu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8844-3901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2546-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunlai","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2944-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7902-3050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiumin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2621-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingchun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, China","place":["hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8695-4478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengfeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.2968113"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCAS.2017.2713305"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593807"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2016.7527301"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2025.3634218"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2938408"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RFID-TA64374.2024.10965172"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"N. Hansen. 2016. The CMA evolution strategy: A tutorial. arXiv:1604.00772. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1604.00772"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42514-020-00060-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","article-title":"A parallel feedback obfuscation strong PUF against machine-learning modeling attacks and lightweight authentication protocol","author":"Huang Z.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Z. Huang, Y. Lin, Z. Wang, Y. Lu, H. Liang, J. Bian, Y. Ouyang, T. Ni, and X. Wen. 2025. A parallel feedback obfuscation strong PUF against machine-learning modeling attacks and lightweight authentication protocol. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 2, 23 (2025), 3051\u20133067.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","article-title":"Feistel-PUF: Sequential obfuscation-based machine learning attack resistant physical unclonable function for IoT device security authentication","author":"Li G.","year":"2025","unstructured":"G. Li, L. Zhao, Z. Zhou, P. Wang, X. Ma, Y. Zhang, and Z. Wang. 2025. Feistel-PUF: Sequential obfuscation-based machine learning attack resistant physical unclonable function for IoT device security authentication. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 4, 13 (2025), 7388\u20137402.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2005.859470"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","first-page":"501","article-title":"Calypso: An enhanced search optimization based framework to model delay-based PUFs","author":"Mishra N.","year":"2024","unstructured":"N. Mishra, K. Pratihar, S. Mandal, A. Chakraborty, U. R\u00fchrmair, and D. Mukhopadhyay. 2024. Calypso: An enhanced search optimization based framework to model delay-based PUFs. IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems 2024, 1 (2024), 501\u2013526.","journal-title":"IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46586\/tches.v2019.i4.243-290"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITC-Asia62534.2024.10661320"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2013.2279798"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866307.1866335"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2017.2749226"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","article-title":"Deep Learning Based Model Building Attacks on Arbiter PUF Compositions","author":"Santikellur P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"P. Santikellur, A. Bhattacharyay, and R. S. Chakraborty. 2019. Deep Learning Based Model Building Attacks on Arbiter PUF Compositions. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2019\/566.","journal-title":"Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2019\/566"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2020.3032624"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2019.2962115"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1278480.1278484"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICM63644.2024.10814551"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2015.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2971808.2971870"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3189533"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3263621"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3372801"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1587\/elex.14.20170551"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3090475"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3801570","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:05:56Z","timestamp":1775837156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3801570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3801570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3801570","relation":{},"ISSN":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1084-4309","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}