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Although several contributions in the literature explored cybersecurity aspects of particular components of the EV ecosystem (e.g., charging infrastructure), there is still no contribution to the holistic cybersecurity of EVs and their related technologies from a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) perspective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this article, we provide the first in-depth study of the Security and Privacy (S&amp;P) threats associated with the EV ecosystem. We analyze the threats associated with both the EV and the different charging solutions. Focusing on the CPS paradigm, we provide a detailed analysis of all the processes that an attacker might exploit to affect the S&amp;P of both drivers and the infrastructure. To address the highlighted threats, we present possible solutions that might be implemented. We also provide an overview of possible future directions to guarantee the S&amp;P of the EV ecosystem. Based on our analysis, we stress the need for EV-specific cybersecurity solutions to help both vehicle owners and infrastructure deployers securing the EV ecosystem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3801968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T16:39:18Z","timestamp":1773419958000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electric Vehicles Security and Privacy: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Needs"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6138-2995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Brighente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3612-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Padova, Padova, Italy, and \u00d6rebro University, \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7050-9369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Donadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0269-8097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radha","family":"Poovendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5660-2447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Turrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0594-0432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianjing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"IEEE standard technical specifications of a DC quick charger for use with electric vehicles","year":"2016","unstructured":"IEEE Standard Association. 2016. 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