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Reconfigurable Technol. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We present\n                    <jats:sc>hls4ml<\/jats:sc>\n                    , a free and open source platform that translates machine learning (ML) models from modern deep learning frameworks into high-level synthesis (HLS) code that can be integrated into full designs for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). With its flexible and modular design,\n                    <jats:sc>hls4ml<\/jats:sc>\n                    supports a large number of deep learning frameworks and can target HLS compilers from several vendors, including Vitis HLS, Intel oneAPI and Catapult HLS. Together with a wider eco-system for software-hardware co-design,\n                    <jats:sc>hls4ml<\/jats:sc>\n                    has enabled the acceleration of ML inference in a wide range of commercial and scientific applications where low latency, resource usage, and power consumption are critical. In this article, we describe the structure and functionality of the\n                    <jats:sc>hls4ml<\/jats:sc>\n                    platform. The overarching design considerations for the generated HLS code are discussed, together with selected performance results.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3801979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T13:46:28Z","timestamp":1775137588000},"page":"1-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["hls4ml: A Flexible, Open Source Platform for Deep Learning Acceleration on Reconfigurable Hardware"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4421-680X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Frederik","family":"Schulte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0026-1281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Ramhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2774-175X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9098-0513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovan","family":"Mitrevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, 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