{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T02:59:28Z","timestamp":1781319568007,"version":"3.54.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":15,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3802974.3809456","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T02:25:06Z","timestamp":1781317506000},"page":"408-411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design Directions for Calibrating Pulse Oximetry to Skin Color"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7306-2777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niklas","family":"Kline Lange Frost","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9723-5516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurens","family":"Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IT University Copenhagen, Copenhagen S., Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alexander\u00a0T Adams Ilan Mandel Yixuan Gao Bryan\u00a0W Heckman Rajalakshmi Nandakumar and Tanzeem Choudhury. 2022. Equity-Driven Sensing System for Measuring Skin Tone\u2013Calibrated Peripheral Blood Oxygen Saturation (OptoBeat): Development Design and Evaluation Study. JMIR Biomedical Engineering 7 1 (April 2022) e34934. 10.2196\/34934","DOI":"10.2196\/34934"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3532106.3533475"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Edward\u00a0D Chan Michael\u00a0M Chan and Mallory\u00a0M Chan. 2013. Pulse oximetry: Understanding its basic principles facilitates appreciation of its limitations. Respiratory Medicine 107 6 (2013) 789\u2013799. 10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.02.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ashraf Fawzy Tianshi\u00a0David Wu Kunbo Wang Matthew\u00a0L Robinson Jad Farha Amanda Bradke Sherita\u00a0H Golden Yanxun Xu and Brian\u00a0T Garibaldi. 2022. Racial and Ethnic Discrepancy in Pulse Oximetry and Delayed Identification of Treatment Eligibility Among Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Internal Medicine 182 7 (2022) 730. 10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.1906","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.1906"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sicheng Hao Katelyn Dempsey Jo\u00e3o Matos Christopher\u00a0E. Cox Veronica Rotemberg Judy\u00a0W. Gichoya Warren Kibbe Chuan Hong and An-Kwok\u00a0Ian Wong. 2024. Utility of Skin Tone on Pulse Oximetry in Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study. Critical Care Explorations 6 9 (Sept. 2024) e1133. 10.1097\/cce.0000000000001133","DOI":"10.1097\/cce.0000000000001133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kelly\u00a0M Hoffman Sophie Trawalter Jordan\u00a0R Axt and M.\u00a0Norman Oliver. 2016. Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 16 (2016) 4296\u20134301. 10.1073\/pnas.1516047113","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516047113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445656"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haya Jamali Lauren\u00a0T Castillo Chelsea\u00a0Cosby Morgan Jason Coult Janice\u00a0L Muhammad Oyinkansola\u00a0O Osobamiro Elizabeth\u00a0C Parsons and Rosemary Adamson. 2022. Racial Disparity in Oxygen Saturation Measurements by Pulse Oximetry: Evidence and Implications. Annals of the American Thoracic Society 19 12 (2022) 1951\u20131964. 10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202203-270CME","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202203-270CME"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daniel\u00a0S Martin James\u00a0C Doidge Doug Gould Tasnin Shahid Alex Cowden Walton\u00a0N Charles Amelia\u00a0Francis Johnson Roger Garrett Catherine Mbema Olusegun Olusanya Eugene Healy Kathryn Rowan Paul Mouncey and David\u00a0A Harrison. 2026. The impact of skin tone on performance of pulse oximeters used by NHS England COVID Oximetry @home scheme: measurement and diagnostic accuracy study. BMJ 392 (2026) e085535. 10.1136\/bmj-2025-085535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2025-085535"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Glenn\u00a0A Millikan. 1942. The Oximeter an Instrument for Measuring Continuously the Oxygen Saturation of Arterial Blood in Man. Review of Scientific Instruments 13 10 (1942) 434\u2013444. 10.1063\/1.1769941","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1769941"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Valentina Quaresima Marco Ferrari and Felix Scholkmann. 2024. Ninety years of pulse oximetry: history current status and outlook. Journal of Biomedical Optics 29 S3 (Aug 2024) S33307. 10.1117\/1.JBO.29.S3.S33307","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.29.S3.S33307"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sylvia E\u00a0K Sudat Paul Wesson Kim\u00a0F Rhoads Stephanie Brown Noha Aboelata Alice\u00a0R Pressman Aravind Mani and Kristen M\u00a0J Azar. 2023. Racial Disparities in Pulse Oximeter Device Inaccuracy and Estimated Clinical Impact on COVID-19 Treatment Course. American Journal of Epidemiology 192 5 (2023) 703\u2013713. 10.1093\/aje\/kwac164","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Don Bambino\u00a0Geno Tai Aditya Shah Chyke\u00a0A Doubeni Irene\u00a0G Sia and Mark\u00a0L Wieland. 2021. The Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 on Racial and Ethnic Minorities in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases 72 4 (02 2021) 703\u2013706. arXiv:https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/72\/4\/703\/36272571\/ciaa815.pdf10.1093\/cid\/ciaa815","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa815"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dean\u00a0K Zacharis Daniel\u00a0Z Zhao and Latha Ganti. 2024. History and Social Implications of the Pulse Oximeter. Cureus 16 8 (Aug 2024) e68250. 10.7759\/cureus.68250","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.68250"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R.\u00a0Jorge Zeballos and Idelle\u00a0M Weisman. 1991. Reliability of Noninvasive Oximetry in Black Subjects during Exercise and Hypoxia. American Review of Respiratory Disease 144 6 (1991) 1240\u20131244. 10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.6.1240","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.6.1240"}],"event":{"name":"DIS '26: Designing Interactive Systems Conference","location":"Singapore Singapore","acronym":"DIS '26 Companion","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Companion Publication of the 2026 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3802974.3809456","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T02:31:48Z","timestamp":1781317908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3802974.3809456"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"references-count":15,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3802974.3809456","10.1145\/3802974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3802974.3809456","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}