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Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Research has consistently shown that websites\u2019 privacy policies fail to inform users, prompting to explore more condensed, visual solutions such as icons and privacy labels. However, we miss efficient and scalable systems to generate such privacy labels and conclusive evidence on their impact on people\u2019s privacy protection behavior. This article fills these gaps: we present the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Visual Privacy<\/jats:italic>\n                    browser extension that automatically computes a privacy rating and visualizes it in a privacy label. We studied the impact of those labels on privacy protection behavior in an online experiment (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    =825). Our results show that the privacy labels shown by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Visual Privacy<\/jats:italic>\n                    significantly impact a website\u2019s perceived risks and benefits, and that they have an indirect effect on privacy protection behavior. Study participants showed high awareness and acceptance of privacy labels, with 79% of participants recalling the rating shown in a label and over 75% reporting that they would like them to become mandatory.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3804460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T20:38:33Z","timestamp":1774384713000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Visual Privacy: The Impact of Privacy Labels on Privacy Behaviors Online"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4971-2944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St Gallen","place":["St. Gallen, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3404-7643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurelia","family":"Tam\u00f2-Larrieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lausanne","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5726-3229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannic","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","place":["Duisburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6367-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St Gallen","place":["St. Gallen, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4389-6006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BI Norwegian Business School","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2009-9047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clement","family":"Guitton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St Gallen","place":["St. Gallen, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7870-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St Gallen","place":["St. Gallen, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5324-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffael","family":"Rot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St Gallen","place":["St. Gallen, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7166-2402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simeon","family":"Pilz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St Gallen","place":["St. Gallen, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0108-3509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Mulders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maastricht University","place":["Maastricht, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.56553\/popets-2024-0111","article-title":"Honesty is the best policy: On the accuracy of Apple privacy labels compared to apps\u2019 privacy policies","volume":"2024","author":"Ali Mir Masood","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mir Masood Ali, David G. 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