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Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Over the past two decades, researchers have made significant steps in simulating agent-based human crowds, yet most efforts remain focused on low-level tasks such as collision avoidance, path following, and flocking. As a result, these approaches often struggle to capture the high-level behaviors that emerge from sustained agent-agent and agent-environment interactions over time. We introduce\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Generative Crowds (Gen-C)<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a generative framework that produces crowd scenarios capturing agent-agent and agent-environment interactions, shaping coherent high-level crowd plans. To avoid the labor-intensive process of collecting and annotating real crowd video data, we leverage Large Language Models (LLMs) to bootstrap synthetic datasets of crowd scenarios. To represent those scenarios, we propose a time-expanded graph structure encoding actions, interactions, and spatial context. Gen-C employs a dual Variational Graph Autoencoder (VGAE) architecture that jointly learns connectivity patterns and node features conditioned on textual and structural signals, overcoming the limitations of direct LLM generation to enable scalable, environment-aware multi-agent crowd simulations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework on scenarios with diverse behaviors such as a\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">University Campus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and a\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Train Station<\/jats:italic>\n                    , showing that it generates heterogeneous crowds, coherent interactions, and high-level decision-making patterns consistent with the provided context.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3804500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:35:16Z","timestamp":1777638916000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gen-C: Populating Virtual Worlds with Generative Crowds"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7614-1059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Panayiotou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CYENS - Centre of Excellence, University of Cyprus","place":["Nicosia, Cyprus"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7230-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panayiotis","family":"Charalambous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CYENS - Centre of Excellence","place":["Nicosia, Cyprus"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4315-6556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Karamouzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Riverside","place":["Riverside, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52734.2025.02088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","volume":"33","author":"Brown Tom","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tom Brown et\u00a0al. 2020. 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