{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T15:57:29Z","timestamp":1781539049937,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":74,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3805622.3810863","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:42:57Z","timestamp":1781534577000},"page":"2266-2275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GAformer: Low-Light Image Enhancement Based on Gradient-Aware Kernel and Frequency-Modulated Transformer"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1052-984X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifan","family":"Shuai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Smart Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2460-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Smart Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2380-2487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiming","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6957-2145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4256-4528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dehua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0154-9743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yikui","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammad Abdullah-Al-Wadud Md\u00a0Hasanul Kabir M\u00a0Ali\u00a0Akber Dewan and Oksam Chae. 2007. A dynamic histogram equalization for image contrast enhancement. IEEE transactions on consumer electronics 53 2 (2007) 593\u2013600.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2007.381734"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"Alaaeldin Ali Hugo Touvron Mathilde Caron Piotr Bojanowski Matthijs Douze Armand Joulin Ivan Laptev Natalia Neverova Gabriel Synnaeve Jakob Verbeek et\u00a0al. 2021. Xcit: Cross-covariance image transformers. Advances in neural information processing systems 34 (2021) 20014\u201320027."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jianrui Cai Shuhang Gu and Lei Zhang. 2018. Learning a Deep Single Image Contrast Enhancer from Multi-Exposure Images. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 27 4 (2018) 2049\u20132062.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2794218"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuanhao Cai Jing Lin Haoqian Wang Xin Yuan Henghui Ding Yulun Zhang Radu Timofte and Luc\u00a0V Gool. 2022. Degradation-aware unfolding half-shuffle transformer for spectral compressive imaging. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35 (2022) 37749\u201337761.","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-2736"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","first-page":"205","volume-title":"European conference on computer vision","author":"Cao Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu Cao, Yueyue Wang, Joy Chen, Dongsheng Jiang, Xiaopeng Zhang, Qi Tian, and Manning Wang. 2022. Swin-unet: Unet-like pure transformer for medical image segmentation. In European conference on computer vision. Springer, 205\u2013218."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58452-8_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turgay Celik and Tardi Tjahjadi. 2011. Contextual and variational contrast enhancement. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 20 12 (2011) 3431\u20133441.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2011.2157513"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heng-Da Cheng and XJ Shi. 2004. A simple and effective histogram equalization approach to image enhancement. Digital signal processing 14 2 (2004) 158\u2013170.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2003.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73016-0_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00298"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00482"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"P\u00a0Kingma Diederik. 2014. Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. (No Title) (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"Alexey Dosovitskiy Lucas Beyer Alexander Kolesnikov Dirk Weissenborn Xiaohua Zhai Thomas Unterthiner Mostafa Dehghani Matthias Minderer Georg Heigold Sylvain Gelly et\u00a0al. 2020. An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2010.11929 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52734.2025.01016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00326"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ying Fu Yang Hong Linwei Chen and Shaodi You. 2022. LE-GAN: Unsupervised low-light image enhancement network using attention module and identity invariant loss. Knowledge-Based Systems 240 (2022) 108010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.108010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00185"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiaojie Guo Yu Li and Haibin Ling. 2016. LIME: Low-light image enhancement via illumination map estimation. IEEE Transactions on image processing 26 2 (2016) 982\u2013993.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2016.2639450"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang Hai Zhu Xuan Ren Yang Yutong Hao Fengzhu Zou Fang Lin and Songchen Han. 2023. R2rnet: Low-light image enhancement via real-low to real-normal network. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 90 (2023) 103712.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2022.103712"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_28_2","unstructured":"Martin Heusel Hubert Ramsauer Thomas Unterthiner Bernhard Nessler and Sepp Hochreiter. 2017. Gans trained by a two time-scale update rule converge to a local nash equilibrium. Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shih-Chia Huang Fan-Chieh Cheng and Yi-Sheng Chiu. 2012. Efficient contrast enhancement using adaptive gamma correction with weighting distribution. IEEE transactions on image processing 22 3 (2012) 1032\u20131041.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2226047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_31_2","first-page":"4487","volume-title":"International conference on machine learning","author":"Hudson Drew\u00a0A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Drew\u00a0A Hudson and Larry Zitnick. 2021. Generative adversarial transformers. In International conference on machine learning. PMLR, 4487\u20134499."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_32_2","unstructured":"Yifan Jiang Shiyu Chang and Zhangyang Wang. 2021. Transgan: Two pure transformers can make one strong gan and that can scale up. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 34 (2021) 14745\u201314758."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yifan Jiang Xinyu Gong Ding Liu Yu Cheng Chen Fang Xiaohui Shen Jianchao Yang Pan Zhou and Zhangyang Wang. 2021. Enlightengan: Deep light enhancement without paired supervision. IEEE transactions on image processing 30 (2021) 2340\u20132349.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2021.3051462"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel\u00a0J Jobson Zia-ur Rahman and Glenn\u00a0A Woodell. 1997. A multiscale retinex for bridging the gap between color images and the human observation of scenes. IEEE Transactions on Image processing 6 7 (1997) 965\u2013976.","DOI":"10.1109\/83.597272"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel\u00a0J Jobson Zia-ur Rahman and Glenn\u00a0A Woodell. 1997. Properties and performance of a center\/surround retinex. IEEE transactions on image processing 6 3 (1997) 451\u2013462.","DOI":"10.1109\/83.557356"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.456"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_37_2","unstructured":"Chongyi Li Chunle Guo and Chen\u00a0Change Loy. 2021. Learning to enhance low-light image via zero-reference deep curve estimation. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 44 8 (2021) 4225\u20134238."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_38_2","unstructured":"Chongyi Li Chun-Le Guo Man Zhou Zhexin Liang Shangchen Zhou Ruicheng Feng and Chen\u00a0Change Loy. 2023. Embedding fourier for ultra-high-definition low-light image enhancement. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2302.11831 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mading Li Jiaying Liu Wenhan Yang Xiaoyan Sun and Zongming Guo. 2018. Structure-revealing low-light image enhancement via robust retinex model. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 27 6 (2018) 2828\u20132841.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2810539"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kin\u00a0Gwn Lore Adedotun Akintayo and Soumik Sarkar. 2017. LLNet: A deep autoencoder approach to natural low-light image enhancement. Pattern Recognition 61 (2017) 650\u2013662.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2016.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_41_2","unstructured":"Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter. 2016. Sgdr: Stochastic gradient descent with warm restarts. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1608.03983 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_42_2","first-page":"4","volume-title":"BMVC","author":"Lv Feifan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feifan Lv, Feng Lu, Jianhua Wu, and Chongsoon Lim. 2018. MBLLEN: Low-light image\/video enhancement using cnns.. In BMVC , Vol.\u00a0220. Northumbria University, 4."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell Merris. 1994. Laplacian matrices of graphs: a survey. Linear algebra and its applications 197 (1994) 143\u2013176.","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3795(94)90486-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01284"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timo Ojala Matti Pietikainen and Topi Maenpaa. 2002. Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 24 7 (2002) 971\u2013987.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017623"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Etta\u00a0D Pisano Shuquan Zong Bradley\u00a0M Hemminger Marla DeLuca R\u00a0Eugene Johnston Keith Muller M\u00a0Patricia Braeuning and Stephen\u00a0M Pizer. 1998. Contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization image processing to improve the detection of simulated spiculations in dense mammograms. Journal of Digital imaging 11 (1998) 193\u2013200.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03178082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephen\u00a0M Pizer E\u00a0Philip Amburn John\u00a0D Austin Robert Cromartie Ari Geselowitz Trey Greer Bart ter Haar\u00a0Romeny John\u00a0B Zimmerman and Karel Zuiderveld. 1987. Adaptive histogram equalization and its variations. Computer vision graphics and image processing 39 3 (1987) 355\u2013368.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-189X(87)80186-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i07.6865"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shanto Rahman Md\u00a0Mostafijur Rahman Mohammad Abdullah-Al-Wadud Golam\u00a0Dastegir Al-Quaderi and Mohammad Shoyaib. 2016. An adaptive gamma correction for image enhancement. EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing 2016 (2016) 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13640-016-0138-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_50_2","unstructured":"Shaoqing Ren Kaiming He Ross Girshick and Jian Sun. 2015. Faster r-cnn: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. Advances in neural information processing systems 28 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01180"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00507"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_53_2","unstructured":"Ashish Vaswani Noam Shazeer Niki Parmar Jakob Uszkoreit Llion Jones Aidan\u00a0N Gomez \u0141ukasz Kaiser and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00701"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuhang Wang Jin Zheng Hai-Miao Hu and Bo Li. 2013. Naturalness preserved enhancement algorithm for non-uniform illumination images. IEEE transactions on image processing 22 9 (2013) 3538\u20133548.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2013.2261309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v37i3.25364"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Wang Alan\u00a0C Bovik Hamid\u00a0R Sheikh and Eero\u00a0P Simoncelli. 2004. Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE transactions on image processing 13 4 (2004) 600\u2013612.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhi-Guo Wang Zhi-Hu Liang and Chun-Liang Liu. 2009. A real-time image processor with combining dynamic contrast ratio enhancement and inverse gamma correction for PDP. Displays 30 3 (2009) 133\u2013139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2009.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_59_2","unstructured":"Chen Wei Wenjing Wang Wenhan Yang and Jiaying Liu. 2018. Deep retinex decomposition for low-light enhancement. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1808.04560 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00064"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00247"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00581"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01719"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01187"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_66_2","unstructured":"Zitong Yu Yunxiao Qin Hengshuang Zhao Xiaobai Li and Guoying Zhao. 2021. Dual-cross central difference network for face anti-spoofing. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2105.01290 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00534"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00564"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58595-2_30"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yonghua Zhang Xiaojie Guo Jiayi Ma Wei Liu and Jiawan Zhang. 2021. Beyond brightening low-light images. International Journal of Computer Vision 129 (2021) 1013\u20131037.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-020-01407-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3343031.3350926"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00681"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-20068-7_33"}],"event":{"name":"ICMR '26: International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval","location":"Amsterdam The Netherlands","acronym":"ICMR '26","sponsor":["SIGMM ACM Special Interest Group on Multimedia"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T15:39:36Z","timestamp":1781537976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3805622.3810863"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3805622.3810863","10.1145\/3805622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3805622.3810863","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}