{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T18:45:43Z","timestamp":1782758743575,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":73,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"MIT-Google Computing Innovation Award","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship","award":["2141064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2141064"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3805689.3806734","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T16:20:39Z","timestamp":1782231639000},"page":"2025-2054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hedging and Non-Affirmation: Quantifying LLM Alignment on Questions of Human Rights"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5911-7188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafiya","family":"Javed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0573-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassandra","family":"Parent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9593-695X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackie","family":"Kay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8445-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Yanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Cambridge, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8770-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Zaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verily, Cambridge, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6961-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anushe","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI71, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9036-4230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maribeth","family":"Rauh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College Dublin, AI Accountability Lab, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1194-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Gerych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3276-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona","family":"Comanescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Deepmind, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7552-4576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iason","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Deepmind, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6349-7251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzyeh","family":"Ghassemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5189-760X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Weidinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Deepmind, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"ACLED. 2024. Armed Conflict Location & Event Data (ACLED) Codebook. Technical Report. Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. https:\/\/www.acleddata.com Accessed via www.acleddata.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.63317\/2rmi2xuofk5n"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Analyzing the Impact of Data Selection and Fine-Tuning on Economic and Political Biases in LLMs. arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.08699","author":"Agiza Ahmed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmed Agiza, Mohamed Mostagir, and Sherief Reda. 2024. Analyzing the Impact of Data Selection and Fine-Tuning on Economic and Political Biases in LLMs. arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.08699 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Google AI. 2025. Our Principles. https:\/\/ai.google\/responsibility\/principles\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951720949566"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Anthropic. 2023. Claude's Constitution. https:\/\/www.anthropic.com\/news\/claudes-constitution"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Collective Constitutional AI: Aligning a Language Model with Public Input. https:\/\/www.anthropic.com\/news\/collective-constitutional-ai-aligning-a-language-model-with-public-input","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anthropic. 2023. Collective Constitutional AI: Aligning a Language Model with Public Input. https:\/\/www.anthropic.com\/news\/collective-constitutional-ai-aligning-a-language-model-with-public-input"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"UN General Assembly. 2024. UN. General Assembly (78th sess. : 2023-2024). https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/4043244?ln=en&v=pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Yuntao Bai Andy Jones Kamal Ndousse Amanda Askell Anna Chen Nova DasSarma Dawn Drain Stanislav Fort Deep Ganguli Tom Henighan et al. 2022. Training a helpful and harmless assistant with reinforcement learning from human feedback. arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.05862 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"The World Bank. 2024. World Development Indicators. data.worldbank.org. data.worldbank.org Accessed: 2025-11-13."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","first-page":"597","article-title":"The atypical international status of the Holy See","author":"Bathon Matthew N","year":"2001","unstructured":"Matthew N Bathon. 2001. The atypical international status of the Holy See. Vand. J. Transnatl. L. 34 (2001), 597.","journal-title":"Vand. J. Transnatl."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-2884"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511790799"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Large language models reflect the ideology of their creators. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.18417","author":"Buyl Maarten","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maarten Buyl, Alexander Rogiers, Sander Noels, Iris Dominguez-Catena, Edith Heiter, Raphael Romero, Iman Johary, Alexandru-Cristian Mara, Jefrey Lijffijt, and Tijl De Bie. 2024. Large language models reflect the ideology of their creators. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.18417 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Position Paper: If Innovation in AI Systematically Violates Fundamental Rights, Is It Innovation at All? arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.00027","author":"Casta\u00f1eira Josu Eguiluz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Josu Eguiluz Casta\u00f1eira, Axel Brando, Migle Laukyte, and Marc Serra-Vidal. 2025. Position Paper: If Innovation in AI Systematically Violates Fundamental Rights, Is It Innovation at All? arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.00027 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00472336.2017.1297476"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"The concept of hedging: Origins, approaches and definitions. Hedging and discourse: Approaches to the analysis of a pragmatic phenomenon in academic texts 24","author":"Clemen Gudrun","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gudrun Clemen. 1997. The concept of hedging: Origins, approaches and definitions. Hedging and discourse: Approaches to the analysis of a pragmatic phenomenon in academic texts 24 (1997), 235."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Are there any human rights? Daedalus","author":"Cranston Maurice","year":"1983","unstructured":"Maurice Cranston. 1983. Are there any human rights? Daedalus (1983), 1\u201317."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action. In World conference on human rights","volume":"25","author":"Declaration Vienna","year":"1993","unstructured":"Vienna Declaration. 1993. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action. In World conference on human rights, Vol. 25."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Sinno Jialin Pan, and Lidong Bing","author":"Deng Yue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yue Deng, Wenxuan Zhang, Sinno Jialin Pan, and Lidong Bing. 2023. Multilingual jailbreak challenges in large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.06474 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i05.6267"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445924"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Choosing not to choose: Hedging as a category of neutrality. European Journal of international security","author":"Figiaconi Fabio","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fabio Figiaconi. 2025. Choosing not to choose: Hedging as a category of neutrality. European Journal of international security (2025), 1\u201320."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Forty-second International Conference on Machine Learning Position Paper Track.","author":"Fisher Jillian","unstructured":"Jillian Fisher, Ruth Elisabeth Appel, Chan Young Park, Yujin Potter, Liwei Jiang, Taylor Sorensen, Shangbin Feng, Yulia Tsvetkov, Margaret Roberts, Jennifer Pan, et al. [n. d.]. Position: Political Neutrality in AI Is Impossible\u2014But Here Is How to Approximate It. In Forty-second International Conference on Machine Learning Position Paper Track."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-long.328"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence, values, and alignment. Minds and machines 30, 3","author":"Gabriel Iason","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iason Gabriel. 2020. Artificial intelligence, values, and alignment. Minds and machines 30, 3 (2020), 411\u2013437."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2403116121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445936"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"The making of international human rights: the","author":"Jensen Steven LB","year":"1960","unstructured":"Steven LB Jensen. 2016. The making of international human rights: the 1960s, decolonization, and the reconstruction of global values. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"CommunityLM: Probing partisan worldviews from language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.07065","author":"Jiang Hang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hang Jiang, Doug Beeferman, Brandon Roy, and Deb Roy. 2022. CommunityLM: Probing partisan worldviews from language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.07065 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky. 2013. Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. In Handbook of the fundamentals of financial decision making: Part I. World Scientific 99\u2013127.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814417358_0006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData59044.2023.10386329"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"How User Language Affects Conflict Fatality Estimates in ChatGPT. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.00072","author":"Kazenwadel Daniel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daniel Kazenwadel and Christoph V Steinert. 2023. How User Language Affects Conflict Fatality Estimates in ChatGPT. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.00072 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Alignment of language agents. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.14659","author":"Kenton Zachary","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zachary Kenton, Tom Everitt, Laura Weidinger, Iason Gabriel, Vladimir Mikulik, and Geoffrey Irving. 2021. Alignment of language agents. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.14659 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Hannah Rose Kirk Alexander Whitefield Paul R\u00f6ttger Andrew Bean Katerina Margatina Juan Ciro Rafael Mosquera Max Bartolo Adina Williams He He et al. 2024. The PRISM Alignment Project: What Participatory Representative and Individualised Human Feedback Reveals About the Subjective and Multicultural Alignment of Large Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.16019 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejil\/12.5.917"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00262952"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Interpersonal meaning in discourse: Value orientations. Advances in systemic linguistics: Recent theory and practice 82","author":"Lemke Jay L","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jay L Lemke. 1992. Interpersonal meaning in discourse: Value orientations. Advances in systemic linguistics: Recent theory and practice 82 (1992), 104\u2013126."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"A survey on fairness in large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.10149","author":"Li Yingji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yingji Li, Mengnan Du, Rui Song, Xin Wang, and Ying Wang. 2023. A survey on fairness in large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.10149 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Fairsteer: Inference time debiasing for llms with dynamic activation steering. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.14492","author":"Li Yichen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yichen Li, Zhiting Fan, Ruizhe Chen, Xiaotang Gai, Luqi Gong, Yan Zhang, and Zuozhu Liu. 2025. Fairsteer: Inference time debiasing for llms with dynamic activation steering. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.14492 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Fantastically ordered prompts and where to find them: Overcoming few-shot prompt order sensitivity. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.08786","author":"Lu Yao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yao Lu, Max Bartolo, Alastair Moore, Sebastian Riedel, and Pontus Stenetorp. 2021. Fantastically ordered prompts and where to find them: Overcoming few-shot prompt order sensitivity. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.08786 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Chirag Nagpal, and Alexander D'Amour.","author":"Lum Kristian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kristian Lum, Jacy Reese Anthis, Chirag Nagpal, and Alexander D'Amour. 2024. Bias in Language Models: Beyond Trick Tests and Toward RUTEd Evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.12649 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun Luo Zhen Yang Fandong Meng Yafu Li Jie Zhou and Yue Zhang. 2025. An Empirical Study of Catastrophic Forgetting in Large Language Models During Continual Fine-tuning. arXiv:2308.08747 [cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2308.08747","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLPRO.2025.3606231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Large language models are geographically biased. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.02680","author":"Manvi Rohin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rohin Manvi, Samar Khanna, Marshall Burke, David Lobell, and Stefano Ermon. 2024. Large language models are geographically biased. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.02680 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Merriam-Webster. [n. d.]. Hedge. https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/hedge"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PG Meyer. 1997. Hedging strategies in written academic discourse: Strengthening the argument by weakening the claim. Hedging and discourse: Approaches to the analysis of a pragmatic phenomenon in academic texts\/Walter de Gruyter & Co (1997).","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110807332.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Mihaiii. 2025. llm_steer: steer LLM outputs via activation-engineering. https:\/\/github.com\/Mihaiii\/llm_steer"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy. [n. d.]. Risk Management Profile for Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights. https:\/\/www.state.gov\/risk-management-profile-for-ai-and-human-rights\/#fn4 Accessed: 01\/10\/2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2024. Usage Policies. https:\/\/openai.com\/policies\/usage-policies\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"A human rights-based approach to responsible AI. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.02667","author":"Prabhakaran Vinodkumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, Margaret Mitchell, Timnit Gebru, and Iason Gabriel. 2022. A human rights-based approach to responsible AI. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.02667 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Public Sector AI Adoption Index","author":"Public First and Center for Data Innovation. 2026.","year":"2026","unstructured":"Public First and Center for Data Innovation. 2026. Public Sector AI Adoption Index 2026. Technical Report. Public First. https:\/\/indexaiglobalpublicservices.publicfirst.co\/ Sponsored by Google."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","volume":"8","author":"Raman Vyoma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vyoma Raman, Camille Chabot, and Betsy Popken. 2025. Assessing Human Rights Risks in AI: A Framework for Model Evaluation. In Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, Vol. 8. 2107\u20132120."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Null it out: Guarding protected attributes by iterative nullspace projection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.07667","author":"Ravfogel Shauli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shauli Ravfogel, Yanai Elazar, Hila Gonen, Michael Twiton, and Yoav Goldberg. 2020. Null it out: Guarding protected attributes by iterative nullspace projection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.07667 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445876"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957926504046502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laria Reynolds and Kyle McDonell. 2021. Prompt programming for large language models: Beyond the few-shot paradigm. In Extended abstracts of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3451760"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.acl-long.816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 29971\u201330004","author":"Santurkar Shibani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shibani Santurkar, Esin Durmus, Faisal Ladhak, Cinoo Lee, Percy Liang, and Tatsunori Hashimoto. 2023. Whose opinions do language models reflect?. In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 29971\u201330004."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Shifting Perspectives: Steering Vectors for Robust Bias Mitigation in LLMs. arXiv:2503.05371 [cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2503.05371","author":"Siddique Zara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zara Siddique, Irtaza Khalid, Liam D. Turner, and Luis Espinosa-Anke. 2025. Shifting Perspectives: Steering Vectors for Robust Bias Mitigation in LLMs. arXiv:2503.05371 [cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2503.05371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i18.29970"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4798-2_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neil Thurman Sina Th\u00e4sler-Kordonouri and Richard Fletcher. 2025. AI adoption by UK journalists and their newsrooms: Surveying applications approaches and attitudes. Technical Report. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. doi:10.60625\/risj-ea11-q402","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5815043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"Alexander Matt Turner Lisa Thiergart Gavin Leech David Udell Juan J Vazquez Ulisse Mini and Monte MacDiarmid. 2025. Steering Language Models with Activation Engineering. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=2XBPdPIcFK"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","unstructured":"UN General Assembly. 1948. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Resolution 217 A (III)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Lexical hints of accuracy in llm reasoning chains. arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.15842","author":"Vanhoyweghen Arne","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arne Vanhoyweghen, Brecht Verbeken, Andres Algaba, and Vincent Ginis. 2025. Lexical hints of accuracy in llm reasoning chains. arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.15842 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"A 30-year struggle","author":"Vasak Karel","year":"1977","unstructured":"Karel Vasak. 1977. A 30-year struggle; the sustained efforts to give force of law to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (1977)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.349"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Denny Zhou, et al.","author":"Wei Jason","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al. 2022. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models. Advances in neural information processing systems 35 (2022), 24824\u201324837."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Juan Mateos-Garcia, Stevie Bergman, Jackie Kay, Conor Griffin, Ben Bariach, et al.","author":"Weidinger Laura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Laura Weidinger, Maribeth Rauh, Nahema Marchal, Arianna Manzini, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Juan Mateos-Garcia, Stevie Bergman, Jackie Kay, Conor Griffin, Ben Bariach, et al. 2023. Sociotechnical safety evaluation of generative ai systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.11986 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Philadelphia","author":"Whelan Daniel J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Daniel J Whelan. 2010. Indivisible Human Rights. A History, Philadelphia (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Wildchat: 1m chatgpt interaction logs in the wild. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.01470","author":"Zhao Wenting","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wenting Zhao, Xiang Ren, Jack Hessel, Claire Cardie, Yejin Choi, and Yuntian Deng. 2024. Wildchat: 1m chatgpt interaction logs in the wild. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.01470 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","volume":"8","author":"Zhou Ke","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ke Zhou, Marios Constantinides, and Daniele Quercia. 2025. Should LLMs be WEIRD? Exploring WEIRDness and Human Rights in Large Language Models. In Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, Vol. 8. 2808\u20132820."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.335"}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '26: The 2026 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Montreal QC Canada","acronym":"FAccT '26","sponsor":["ACM\/SIG"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3805689.3806734","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T18:13:04Z","timestamp":1782756784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3805689.3806734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3805689.3806734","10.1145\/3805689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3805689.3806734","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}