{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T18:47:03Z","timestamp":1782758823986,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":236,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008398","name":"Villum Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VIL60860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VIL60860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3805689.3812236","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T16:20:39Z","timestamp":1782231639000},"page":"8247-8275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Human-Centric Framework for Data Attribution in Large Language Models"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3382-0423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelie","family":"Wuehrl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1888-9408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattes","family":"Ruckdeschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1804-2853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Allen Institute for AI, Seattle, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4845-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. 1000+ Authors for Libraries. https:\/\/www.fightforthefuture.org\/authors-for-libraries"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. AI Licensing for Authors: Who Owns the Rights and What's a Fair Split? https:\/\/authorsguild.org\/news\/ai-licensing-for-authors-who-owns-the-rights-and-whats-a-fair-split\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"The Authors Guild [n.d.]. Anthropic Lawsuit Update: Settlement Reached with Pay-Out to Authors. The Authors Guild. https:\/\/authorsguild.org\/news\/anthropic-lawsuit-update-settlement-reached-with-pay-out-to-authors\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Court of Justice of the European Union 2025. Case C-250\/25 Like Company v. Google Ireland Limited. Court of Justice of the European Union. https:\/\/curia.europa.eu\/juris\/showPdf.jsf?text=&docid=300681&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=5661670 Request lodged 3 April 2025; referring court: Budapest K\u00f6rny\u00e9ki T\u00f6rv\u00e9nysz\u00e9k (Hungary); decision to refer dated 10 March 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Like Company: Request for a Preliminary Ruling from the Budapest K\u00f6rny\u00e9ki T\u00f6rv\u00e9nysz\u00e9k (Hungary) Lodged on","author":"Case","year":"2025","unstructured":"2025. Case C-250\/25, Like Company: Request for a Preliminary Ruling from the Budapest K\u00f6rny\u00e9ki T\u00f6rv\u00e9nysz\u00e9k (Hungary) Lodged on 3 April 2025 - Like Company v Google Ireland Limited. http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/C\/2025\/3039\/oj"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"The Authors Guild 2023. Channels of Communication Part 1 (Authors Guild Launchpad Webinar #3). The Authors Guild. https:\/\/authorsguild.org\/resource\/ag-launchpad-channels-of-communication-part-1\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"d.]. Concord Music Group","year":"1998","unstructured":"[n. d.]. Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC. https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/docket\/72199828\/concord-music-group-inc-v-anthropic-pbc\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"EUIPO 0024. Germany - Hamburg District Court 310 O.22723 LAION v Robert Kneschke. EUIPO. https:\/\/www.euipo.europa.eu\/en\/law\/recent-case-law\/germany-hamburg-district-court-310-o-22723-laion-v-robert-kneschke"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"ProRata.AI [n.d.]. ProRata.AI - We Build AI-powered Search Advertising and Attribution Solutions Grounded in Respect for Content. ProRata.AI. https:\/\/prorata.ai\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. Survey Reveals 90 Percent of Writers Believe Authors Should Be Compensated for the Use of Their Books in Training Generative AI. https:\/\/authorsguild.org\/news\/ai-survey-90-percent-of-writers-believe-authors-should-be-compensated-for-ai-training-use\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. WGA Agreement Introduces Key Protections for TV and Film Writers Against AI. https:\/\/authorsguild.org\/news\/wga-agreement-introduces-key-protections-for-tv-and-film-writers-against-ai\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. (sep","year":"1979","unstructured":"1979. Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. (sep 1979). https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/wipolex\/en\/text\/283693"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"2014. SPJ's Code of Ethics. https:\/\/www.spj.org\/spj-code-of-ethics\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"2020. What Is Intellectual Property?"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"General Counsel","unstructured":"2022. Statement From Terrence Hart, General Counsel, Association of American Publishers on Disinformation in The Internet Archive Case - AAP. https:\/\/publishers.org\/news\/statement-from-terrence-hart-general-counsel-association-of-american-publishers-on-the-internet-archive-case\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"2023. The Authors Guild John Grisham Jodi Picoult David Baldacci George R.R. Martin and 13 Other Authors File Class-Action Suit Against OpenAI. https:\/\/authorsguild.org\/news\/ag-and-authors-file-class-action-suit-against-openai\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"2025. How Your Data Is Used to Improve Model Performance. https:\/\/help.openai.com\/en\/articles\/5722486-how-your-data-is-used-to-improve-model-performance"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"2025. IETF Working Group Will Further Develop Our Proposal for an Opt-out Vocabulary. https:\/\/openfuture.eu\/blog\/ietf-working-group-will-further-develop-our-proposal-for-an-opt-out-vocabulary"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"2025. Meta Wrongfully Disabling Accounts with No Human Customer Support. https:\/\/www.change.org\/p\/meta-wrongfully-disabling-accounts-with-no-human-customer-support"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"2025. Microsoft Copilot Terms of Use. https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-gb\/microsoft-copilot\/for-individuals\/termsofuse"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"2025. Recommendations for the Conduct Reporting Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. https:\/\/www.icmje.org\/icmje-recommendations.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"2025. Report on Copyright and Artificial Intelligence. Part 3: Generative AI Training (Pre-Publication Version). Technical Report. U.S. Copyright Office. https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/ai\/Copyright-and-Artificial-Intelligence-Part-3-Generative-AI-Training-Report-Pre-Publication-Version.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.734"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Sci-Fi Magazine Stops Submissions after Flood of AI Generated Stories. NPR (feb","author":"Acovino Vincent","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vincent Acovino. 2023. Sci-Fi Magazine Stops Submissions after Flood of AI Generated Stories. NPR (feb 2023). https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/02\/23\/1159118948\/sci-fi-magazine-stops-submissions-after-flood-of-ai-generated-stories"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saharsh Agarwal and Ananya Sen. 2026. Google AI Overviews and Publisher Traffic: Evidence from a Field Experiment. Social Science Research Network:6513059 doi:10.2139\/ssrn.6513059","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6513059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohiuddin Ahmed and Paul Haskell-Dowland. 2021. Is Google Getting Worse? Increased Advertising and Algorithm Changes May Make It Harder to Find What You're Looking for. doi:10.64628\/AA.av5ws3c54","DOI":"10.64628\/AA.av5ws3c54"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"AI watchdog. 2025. Content Licensing Deals. https:\/\/aiwatch.dog\/licensing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-emnlp.180"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Google Can Train Search AI With Web Content Even After Opt-Out. Bloomberg.com (may","author":"Alba Davey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Davey Alba. 2025. Google Can Train Search AI With Web Content Even After Opt-Out. Bloomberg.com (may 2025). https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2025-05-03\/google-can-train-search-ai-with-web-content-even-after-opt-out"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Dataset Providers Alliance. 2024. Machine Learning AI Data Licensing. https:\/\/www.thedpa.ai"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Sam Altman. 2026. Our Principles. OpenAI. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/our-principles\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1043463109336804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Jaron Lanier, and E. Glen Weyl.","author":"Ibarra Imanol Arrieta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Imanol Arrieta Ibarra, Leonard Goff, Diego Jim\u00e9nez Hern\u00e1ndez, Jaron Lanier, and E. Glen Weyl. 2017. Should We Treat Data as Labor? Moving Beyond \u2018Free\u2019. social science research network:3093683 https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=3093683"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Shriya Atmakuri Amanpreet Singh and Doug Downey. 2025. Making AI Citations Count with Asta. https:\/\/allenai.org\/blog\/asta-citations"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE55515.2023.00300"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juhan Bae Nathan Ng Alston Lo Marzyeh Ghassemi and Roger Grosse. 2022. If Influence Functions are the Answer Then What is the Question? arXiv:2209.05364 [cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2209.05364","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-1305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Andy Baio. 2022. AI Data Laundering: How Academic and Nonprofit Researchers Shield Tech Companies from Accountability. https:\/\/waxy.org\/2022\/09\/ai-data-laundering-how-academic-and-nonprofit-researchers-shield-tech-companies-from-accountability\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Machine Learning Research: A Retrospective Datasheet for BookCorpus. arXiv:2105.05241 [cs] (may","author":"Bandy Jack","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jack Bandy and Nicholas Vincent. 2021. Addressing \u201cDocumentation Debt\u201d in Machine Learning Research: A Retrospective Datasheet for BookCorpus. arXiv:2105.05241 [cs] (may 2021). arXiv:2105.05241 [cs] http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2105.05241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"The US Invaded Venezuela and Captured Nicol\u00e1s Maduro. ChatGPT Disagrees. Wired (Jan","author":"Barrett Brian","year":"2026","unstructured":"Brian Barrett. 2026. The US Invaded Venezuela and Captured Nicol\u00e1s Maduro. ChatGPT Disagrees. Wired (Jan. 2026). https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/us-invaded-venezuela-and-captured-nicolas-maduro-chatgpt-disagrees\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351226387-35"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"First Conference on Language Modeling. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=IW1PR7vEBf","author":"BehnamGhader Parishad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parishad BehnamGhader, Vaibhav Adlakha, Marius Mosbach, Dzmitry Bahdanau, Nicolas Chapados, and Siva Reddy. 2024. LLM2Vec: Large Language Models Are Secretly Powerful Text Encoders. In First Conference on Language Modeling. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=IW1PR7vEBf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"\u201cThere Is Nothing Fair about This","author":"Belanger Ashley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ashley Belanger. 2023. Grisham, Martin Join Authors Suing OpenAI: \u201cThere Is Nothing Fair about This\u201d [Updated]. https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2023\/09\/george-r-r-martin-joins-authors-suing-openai-over-copyright-infringement\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Lawsuit: Reddit Caught Perplexity \u201cRed-Handed","author":"Belanger Ashley","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ashley Belanger. 2025. Lawsuit: Reddit Caught Perplexity \u201cRed-Handed\u201d Stealing Data from Google Results. https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2025\/10\/reddit-sues-to-block-perplexity-from-scraping-google-search-results\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"Ashley Belanger. 2025. OpenAI Declares AI Race \u201cover\u201d If Training on Copyrighted Works Isn't Fair Use. https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2025\/03\/openai-urges-trump-either-settle-ai-copyright-debate-or-lose-ai-race-to-china\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 2397\u20132430","author":"Biderman Stella","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stella Biderman, Hailey Schoelkopf, Quentin Gregory Anthony, Herbie Bradley, Kyle O'Brien, Eric Hallahan, Mohammad Aflah Khan, Shivanshu Purohit, Usvsn Sai Prashanth, Edward Raff, Aviya Skowron, Lintang Sutawika, and Oskar Van Der Wal. 2023. Pythia: A Suite for Analyzing Large Language Models Across Training and Scaling. In Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 2397\u20132430. https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v202\/biderman23a.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"ACM Publications Board. 2023. ACM Policy on Plagiarism Misrepresentation and Falsification. https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/plagiarism-overview"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"ACM Publications Board. 2023. ACM Policy on Plagiarism Misrepresentation and Falsification. https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/plagiarism-overview"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"Julie Bort. 2025. Perplexity CEO Says Its Browser Will Track Everything Users Do Online to Sell \u2018hyper Personalized\u2019 Ads. https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2025\/04\/24\/perplexity-ceo-says-its-browser-will-track-everything-users-do-online-to-sell-hyper-personalized-ads\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Russell Brandom. 2025. RSS Co-Creator Launches New Protocol for AI Data Licensing. https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2025\/09\/10\/rss-co-creator-launches-new-protocol-for-ai-data-licensing\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7552(98)00110-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"John Brooks. 2020. The Dilemma of \u2018Free\u2019: Facebook's Monopsony Power and the Need For an Antitrust Renaissance. social science research network:3531172 doi:10.2139\/ssrn.3531172","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3531172"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Allison J. Brown. 2020. \u201cShould I Stay or Should I Leave?\u201d: Exploring (Dis)Continued Facebook Use After the Cambridge Analytica Scandal. Social Media + Society 6 1 (jan 2020) 2056305120913884. doi:10.1177\/2056305120913884","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305120913884"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021316409277"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517241247839"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Ian Carlos Campbell. 2025. Perplexity Has Cooked up a New Way to Pay Publishers for Their Content. https:\/\/www.engadget.com\/ai\/perplexity-has-cooked-up-a-new-way-to-pay-publishers-for-their-content-204255019.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"Ashley Capoot. 2026. OpenAI Ads Pilot Tops $100 Million in Annualized Revenue in under 2 Months. CNBC. https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2026\/03\/26\/openai-ads-pilot-tops-100-million-in-arr-in-under-2-months.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations.","author":"Carlini Nicholas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nicholas Carlini, Daphne Ippolito, Matthew Jagielski, Katherine Lee, Florian Tramer, and Chiyuan Zhang. 2022. Quantifying memorization across neural language models. In The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","unstructured":"CBC. 2024. Australia Wants to Make Digital Platforms Pay for News \u2014 Even If They Block It like Meta Did Here. (2024). https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/world\/australia-social-media-ban-1.7408426"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Scalable Influence and Fact Tracing for Large Language Model Pretraining. In The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations.","author":"Chang Tyler A.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tyler A. Chang, Dheeraj Rajagopal, Tolga Bolukbasi, Lucas Dixon, and Ian Tenney. 2024. Scalable Influence and Fact Tracing for Large Language Model Pretraining. In The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Carl Yan Shan, and Kevin Wadman","author":"Chatterji Aaron","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aaron Chatterji, Thomas Cunningham, David J Deming, Zoe Hitzig, Christopher Ong, Carl Yan Shan, and Kevin Wadman. 2025. How People Use ChatGPT. National Bureau of Economic Research 34255 (Sept. 2025). http:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w34255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"Vince Chhabria. 2025. ORDER Denying the Plaintiffs' 482 Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and Granting Meta's 501 Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. https:\/\/storage.courtlistener.com\/recap\/gov.uscourts.cand.415175\/gov.uscourts.cand.415175.598.0_2.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sang Keun Choe Hwijeen Ahn Juhan Bae Kewen Zhao Minsoo Kang Youngseog Chung Adithya Pratapa Willie Neiswanger Emma Strubell Teruko Mitamura Jeff Schneider Eduard Hovy Roger Grosse and Eric Xing. 2024. What Is Your Data Worth to GPT? LLM-Scale Data Valuation with Influence Functions. arXiv:2405.13954 [cs] doi:10.48550\/arXiv.2405.13954","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2405.13954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Epistemic Alignment: A Mediating Framework for User-LLM Knowledge Delivery. arXiv:2504.01205 [cs.HC] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2504.01205","author":"Clark Nicholas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nicholas Clark, Hua Shen, Bill Howe, and Tanushree Mitra. 2025. Epistemic Alignment: A Mediating Framework for User-LLM Knowledge Delivery. arXiv:2504.01205 [cs.HC] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2504.01205"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaenfo\/jnab009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"European Commission. 2025. Explanatory Notice and Template for the Public Summary of Training Content for General-Purpose AI Models | Shaping Europe's Digital Future. https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/library\/explanatory-notice-and-template-public-summary-training-content-general-purpose-ai-models"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Concord Music Group","author":"Capitol CMG Inc.","year":"2026","unstructured":"Capitol CMG Inc. Concord Music Group, Inc. 2026. COMPLAINT and Demand for Jury Trial against All Defendants. https:\/\/storage.courtlistener.com\/recap\/gov.uscourts.cand.463362\/gov.uscourts.cand.463362.1.0.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2505.12546"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Forced AI 365 Bundles | PCWorld. PCWorld (jan","author":"Crider Michael","year":"2025","unstructured":"Michael Crider. 2025. Microsoft Follows Google with Price Bump, Forced AI 365 Bundles | PCWorld. PCWorld (jan 2025). https:\/\/www.pcworld.com\/article\/2581179\/microsoft-follows-google-with-price-bump-forced-ai-365-bundles.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","unstructured":"Danish Press Council and Media Organizations (DPCMO). 2026. DPCMO Partners with TollBit to Offer Solutions to Support its Members. https:\/\/dpcmo.dk\/dpcmo-partners-with-tollbit-to-offer-solutions-to-support-its-members\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","unstructured":"Emilia David. 2024. OpenAI's News Publisher Deals Reportedly Top out at $5 Million a Year. https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2024\/1\/4\/24025409\/openai-training-data-lowball-nyt-ai-copyright"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"de la Merced and Danielle Kaye","author":"SorkinBernhard WarnerSarah Andrew Ross","year":"2025","unstructured":"Andrew Ross SorkinBernhard WarnerSarah KesslerMichael J. de la Merced and Danielle Kaye. 2025. Exclusive: OpenAI Secures Another Giant Funding Deal. The New York Times (aug 2025). https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/08\/01\/business\/dealbook\/openai-ai-mega-funding-deal.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.951"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Junwei Deng Yuzheng Hu Pingbang Hu Ting-wei Li Shixuan Liu Jiachen T. Wang Dan Ley Qirun Dai Benhao Huang Jin Huang Cathy Jiao Hoang Anh Just Yijun Pan Jingyan Shen Yiwen Tu Weiyi Wang Xinhe Wang Shichang Zhang Shiyuan Zhang Ruoxi Jia Himabindu Lakkaraju Hao Peng Weijing Tang Chenyan Xiong Jieyu Zhao Hanghang Tong Han Zhao and Jiaqi W. Ma. 2025. A Survey of Data Attribution: Methods Applications and Evaluation in the Era of Generative AI. social science research network:5451054 doi:10.2139\/ssrn.5451054","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5451054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","volume":"1","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019. BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers). 4171\u20134186. https:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/papers\/N\/N19\/N19-1423\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Penske Media Sues Google for AI \u2018Overview","author":"Dickey Josh","unstructured":"Josh Dickey. 2025. Penske Media Sues Google for AI \u2018Overview\u2019 News Story Summaries Without Publishers' Consent. https:\/\/www.thewrap.com\/penske-media-sues-google-ai-overview-news-story-summaries\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","unstructured":"Cory Doctorow. 2025. Enshittification. Verso Books London. https:\/\/guardianbookshop.com\/enshittification-9781836742227\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.98"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","unstructured":"Editorial. 2024. The Evolution of Labor Law: A Comprehensive Historical Overview. https:\/\/lawslearned.com\/history-of-labor-law\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","unstructured":"Benj Edwards. 2024. Stack Overflow Users Sabotage Their Posts after OpenAI Deal. https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/information-technology\/2024\/05\/stack-overflow-users-sabotage-their-posts-after-openai-deal\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","unstructured":"Eiko. 2022. Welcome to Hotel Elsevier: You Can Check-out Any Time You like ... Not \u00bb Eiko Fried. https:\/\/eiko-fried.com\/welcome-to-hotel-elsevier-you-can-check-out-any-time-you-like-not\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=RvfPnOkPV4","author":"Elazar Yanai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yanai Elazar, Akshita Bhagia, Ian Helgi Magnusson, Abhilasha Ravichander, Dustin Schwenk, Alane Suhr, Evan Pete Walsh, Dirk Groeneveld, Luca Soldaini, Sameer Singh, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Noah A. Smith, and Jesse Dodge. 2023. What's In My Big Data?. In The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=RvfPnOkPV4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alireza Fallah Michael I. Jordan Ali Makhdoumi and Azarakhsh Malekian. 2024. On Three-Layer Data Markets. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.09697v4","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4727167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00323292251396395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adt9819"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_86_1","unstructured":"Sara Fischer. 2024. AI Startup TollBit Raises $24M Series A. https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2024\/10\/22\/ai-startup-tollbit-media-publishers"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_87_1","unstructured":"Richard Florida. 2022. The Rise of the Creator Economy. https:\/\/creativeclass.com\/reports\/The_Rise_of_the_Creator_Economy.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3463098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_89_1","volume-title":"Why Do People Write for Wikipedia? Incentives to Contribute to Open-Content Publishing. (Nov","author":"Forte Andrea","year":"2005","unstructured":"Andrea Forte and Amy Bruckman. 2005. Why Do People Write for Wikipedia? Incentives to Contribute to Open-Content Publishing. (Nov. 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_90_1","volume-title":"NEW CASE: Foxglove launches international legal challenge to Google's worldwide theft of news!. Foxglove. https:\/\/foxglove.org.uk","author":"Legal Foxglove","year":"2025","unstructured":"Foxglove Legal. 2025. NEW CASE: Foxglove launches international legal challenge to Google's worldwide theft of news!. Foxglove. https:\/\/foxglove.org.uk"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_91_1","unstructured":"Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai. 2025. Perplexity accused of scraping websites that explicitly blocked AI scraping. TechCrunch. https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2025\/08\/04\/perplexity-accused-of-scraping-websites-that-explicitly-blocked-ai-scraping\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_92_1","volume-title":"Countervailing Power. 44, 2","author":"Galbraith John Kenneth","year":"1954","unstructured":"John Kenneth Galbraith. 1954. Countervailing Power. 44, 2 (1954), 1\u20136. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1818317"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_93_1","unstructured":"Matthew Gault. 2025. Authors Are Accidentally Leaving AI Prompts In Their Novels. 404 Media. https:\/\/www.404media.co\/authors-are-accidentally-leaving-ai-prompts-in-their-novels\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_94_1","volume-title":"Hanna Wallach, Hal Daum\u00e9 III, and Kate Crawford.","author":"Gebru Timnit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Timnit Gebru, Jamie Morgenstern, Briana Vecchione, Jennifer Wortman Vaughan, Hanna Wallach, Hal Daum\u00e9 III, and Kate Crawford. 2020. Datasheets for Datasets. arXiv:1803.09010 [cs] (mar 2020). arXiv:1803.09010 [cs] http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1803.09010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_95_1","volume-title":"Is Google about to Destroy the Web? BBC (jun","author":"Germain Thomas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thomas Germain. 2025. Is Google about to Destroy the Web? BBC (jun 2025). https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20250611-ai-mode-is-google-about-to-change-the-internet-forever"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_96_1","unstructured":"Carlos Gil. 2024. Stop Chasing Algorithms \u2014 Here's How Creators Can Take Control of Their Content and Monetize on Their Own Terms. https:\/\/www.entrepreneur.com\/science-technology\/why-relying-on-social-media-for-income-is-a-losing-game-for\/481348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACDSA67686.2026.11468172"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_98_1","volume-title":"Microsoft Says Copilot Isn't Just \u2018for Entertainment Purposes","author":"Griffiths Brent D.","year":"2026","unstructured":"Brent D. Griffiths. 2026. Microsoft Says Copilot Isn't Just \u2018for Entertainment Purposes\u2019 after Its Terms of Service Language Goes Viral. Business Insider. https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/microsoft-copilot-entertainment-purposes-terms-of-service-agreement-2026-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dirk Groeneveld Iz Beltagy Pete Walsh Akshita Bhagia Rodney Kinney Oyvind Tafjord Ananya Harsh Jha Hamish Ivison Ian Magnusson Yizhong Wang Shane Arora David Atkinson Russell Authur Khyathi Raghavi Chandu Arman Cohan Jennifer Dumas Yanai Elazar Yuling Gu Jack Hessel Tushar Khot William Merrill Jacob Morrison Niklas Muennighoff Aakanksha Naik Crystal Nam Matthew E. Peters Valentina Pyatkin Abhilasha Ravichander Dustin Schwenk Saurabh Shah Will Smith Emma Strubell Nishant Subramani Mitchell Wortsman Pradeep Dasigi Nathan Lambert Kyle Richardson Luke Zettlemoyer Jesse Dodge Kyle Lo Luca Soldaini Noah A. Smith and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2024. OLMo: Accelerating the Science of Language Models. arXiv:2402.00838 [cs] doi:10.48550\/arXiv.2402.00838","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2402.00838"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_100_1","volume-title":"Bowman","author":"Grosse Roger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roger Grosse, Juhan Bae, Cem Anil, Nelson Elhage, Alex Tamkin, Amirhossein Tajdini, Benoit Steiner, Dustin Li, Esin Durmus, Ethan Perez, Evan Hubinger, Kamil\u0117 Luko\u0161i\u016bt\u00e8, Karina Nguyen, Nicholas Joseph, Sam McCandlish, Jared Kaplan, and Samuel R. Bowman. 2023. Studying Large Language Model Generalization with Influence Functions. arXiv:2308.03296 [cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2308.03296"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-long.1249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-long.1249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niv Haim Gal Vardi Gilad Yehudai Ohad Shamir and Michal Irani. 2022. Reconstructing Training Data From Trained Neural Networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=Sxk8Bse3RKO","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-1665"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_104_1","unstructured":"Dave Hansen. 2024. Text Data Mining Research DMCA Exemption Renewed and Expanded. https:\/\/www.authorsalliance.org\/2024\/10\/25\/text-data-mining-research-dmca-exemption-renewed-and-expanded\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2018.1481670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carol Peterson Haviland and Joan A. Mullin (Eds.). 2009. Who Owns This Text? Plagiarism Authorship and Disciplinary Cultures. Utah State University Press Logan Utah.","DOI":"10.7330\/9780874217292"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-014-9583-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peter Henderson Xuechen Li Dan Jurafsky Tatsunori Hashimoto Mark A. Lemley and Percy Liang. 2023. Foundation Models and Fair Use. arXiv:2303.15715 [cs] doi:10.48550\/arXiv.2303.15715","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2303.15715"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_109_1","volume-title":"Reframing Similarity Analysis in Copyright. 93","author":"Hickey Kevin J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kevin J Hickey. 2015. Reframing Similarity Analysis in Copyright. 93 (2015), 681\u2013731."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_110_1","unstructured":"Sarah Holder and Shirin Ghaffary. 2024. Sam Altman-Backed Group Completes Largest US Study on Basic Income. (2024). https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2024-07-22\/ubi-study-backed-by-openai-s-sam-altman-bolsters-support-for-basic-income"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sara Hooker. 2025. On the Slow Death of Scaling. Social Science Research Network:5877662 doi:10.2139\/ssrn.5877662","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5877662"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_113_1","volume-title":"Alex Hanna, Emily Denton, Christina Greer, Oddur Kjartansson, Parker Barnes, and Margaret Mitchell.","author":"Hutchinson Ben","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ben Hutchinson, Andrew Smart, Alex Hanna, Emily Denton, Christina Greer, Oddur Kjartansson, Parker Barnes, and Margaret Mitchell. 2021. Towards Accountability for Machine Learning Datasets: Practices from Software Engineering and Infrastructure. arXiv:2010.13561 [cs] (jan 2021). arXiv:2010.13561 [cs] http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2010.13561"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.285"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1991.3.1.79"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13614533.2021.1976655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_117_1","unstructured":"Klaudia Ja\u017awi\u0144ska and Aisvarya Chandrasekar. [n.d.]. AI Search Has a Citation Problem. https:\/\/www.cjr.org\/tow_center\/we-compared-eight-ai-search-engines-theyre-all-bad-at-citing-news.php"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3534637"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/80084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michael I.Jordan. 2025. A Collectivist Economic Perspective on AI. arXiv:2507.06268 [cs] doi:10.48550\/arXiv.2507.06268","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2507.06268"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3678884.3687141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_122_1","volume-title":"Position: The Most Expensive Part of an LLM 'should* Be Its Training Data. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=L6RpQ1h4Nx","author":"Kandpal Nikhil","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nikhil Kandpal and Colin Raffel. 2025. Position: The Most Expensive Part of an LLM 'should* Be Its Training Data. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=L6RpQ1h4Nx"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_123_1","unstructured":"Vinod Khosla. 2024. A Roadmap to AI Utopia. https:\/\/time.com\/7174892\/a-roadmap-to-ai-utopia\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_124_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Data Scraping for Generative AI - To What Extent","volume":"19","author":"Cecilia Kim Jae Yeon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jae Yeon Cecilia Kim. 2024. Data Scraping for Generative AI - To What Extent? Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law 19 (2024), 179\u2013200. https:\/\/brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu\/bjcfcl\/vol19\/iss1\/8\/","journal-title":"Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051221144317"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_126_1","unstructured":"Katie Knibbs. 2024. Scammy AI-Generated Books Are Flooding Amazon. (2024). https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/scammy-ai-generated-books-flooding-amazon\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_127_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning -","volume":"70","author":"Koh Pang Wei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pang Wei Koh and Percy Liang. 2017. Understanding black-box predictions via influence functions. In Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning - Volume 70 (Sydney, NSW, Australia) (ICML'17). JMLR.org, 1885\u20131894."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Julia Kreutzer Isaac Caswell Lisa Wang Ahsan Wahab Daan van Esch Nasanbayar Ulzii-Orshikh Allahsera Tapo Nishant Subramani Artem Sokolov Claytone Sikasote Monang Setyawan Supheakmungkol Sarin Sokhar Samb Beno\u00eet Sagot Clara Rivera Annette Rios Isabel Papadimitriou Salomey Osei Pedro Ortiz Suarez Iroro Orife Kelechi Ogueji Andre Niyongabo Rubungo Toan Q. Nguyen Mathias M\u00fcller Andr\u00e9 M\u00fcller Shamsuddeen Hassan Muhammad Nanda Muhammad Ayanda Mnyakeni Jamshidbek Mirzakhalov Tapiwanashe Matangira Colin Leong Nze Lawson Sneha Kudugunta Yacine Jernite Mathias Jenny Orhan Firat Bonaventure F. P. Dossou Sakhile Dlamini Nisansa de Silva Sakine \u00c7abuk Balli Stella Biderman Alessia Battisti Ahmed Baruwa Ankur Bapna Pallavi Baljekar Israel Abebe Azime Ayodele Awokoya Duygu Ataman Orevaoghene Ahia Oghenefego Ahia Sweta Agrawal and Mofetoluwa Adeyemi. 2022. Quality at a Glance: An Audit of Web-Crawled Multilingual Datasets. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 10 (jan 2022) 50\u201372. doi:10.1162\/tacl_a_00447","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00447"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_129_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research","volume":"966","author":"Kusner Matt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matt Kusner, Yu Sun, Nicholas Kolkin, and Kilian Weinberger. 2015. From Word Embeddings To Document Distances. In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 37), Francis Bach and David Blei (Eds.). PMLR, Lille, France, 957\u2013966. https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v37\/kusnerb15.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713799"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/14684521111161936"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_132_1","unstructured":"Frank Landymore. 2025. OpenAI Successfully Sheds Its Roots as an Ethical Non-Profit. https:\/\/futurism.com\/artificial-intelligence\/openai-sheds-roots-ethical-non-profit"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_133_1","volume-title":"Who Owns the Future? Penguin Books","author":"Lanier Jaron","unstructured":"Jaron Lanier. 2014. Who Owns the Future? Penguin Books, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_134_1","unstructured":"Jin-Hee Lee Dipunj Gupta Brian Mitchell Reid Tatoris and Henry Clausen. 2025. Control Content Use for AI Training with Cloudflare's Managed Robots.Txt and Blocking for Monetized Content. https:\/\/blog.cloudflare.com\/control-content-use-for-ai-training\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077699012468743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_136_1","unstructured":"Patrick Lewis Ethan Perez Aleksandra Piktus Fabio Petroni Vladimir Karpukhin Naman Goyal Heinrich K\u00fcttler Mike Lewis Wen-tau Yih Tim Rockt\u00e4schel et al. 2020. Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive nlp tasks. Advances in neural information processing systems 33 (2020) 9459\u20139474."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_137_1","unstructured":"Zhe Li Wei Zhao Yige Li and Jun Sun. 2024. Do Influence Functions Work on Large Language Models? arXiv:2409.19998 [cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2409.19998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jianghao Lin Rong Shan Jiachen Zhu Yunjia Xi Yong Yu and Weinan Zhang. 2025. Stop DDoS Attacking the Research Community with AI-Generated Survey Papers. arXiv:2510.09686 [cs] doi:10.48550\/arXiv.2510.09686","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2510.09686"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiacheng Liu Taylor Blanton Yanai Elazar Sewon Min Yen-Sung Chen Arnavi Chheda-Kothary Huy Tran Byron Bischoff Eric Marsh Michael Schmitz Cassidy Trier Aaron Sarnat Jenna James Jon Borchardt Bailey Kuehl Evie Yu-Yen Cheng Karen Farley Taira Anderson David Albright Carissa Schoenick Luca Soldaini Dirk Groeneveld Rock Yuren Pang Pang Wei Koh Noah A. Smith Sophie Lebrecht Yejin Choi Hannaneh Hajishirzi Ali Farhadi and Jesse Dodge. 2025. OLMoTrace: Tracing Language Model Outputs Back to Trillions of Training Tokens. In Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 3: System Demonstrations) Pushkar Mishra Smaranda Muresan and Tao Yu (Eds.). Association for Computational Linguistics Vienna Austria 178\u2013188. doi:10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-demo.18","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-demo.18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90179-0_50"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.467"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.98"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-0087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2407.14933"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_145_1","unstructured":"Taylor Lorenz. 2026. A Dark-Money Campaign Is Paying Influencers to Frame Chinese AI as a Threat. (2026). https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/super-pac-backed-by-openai-and-palantir-is-paying-tiktok-influencers-to-fear- monger- about-china\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_146_1","volume-title":"Google Removes Language on Weapons From Public AI Principles. Bloomberg.com (feb","author":"Love Julia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Julia Love, Olivia Solon, and Davey Alba. 2025. Google Removes Language on Weapons From Public AI Principles. Bloomberg.com (feb 2025). https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2025-02-04\/google-removes-language-on-weapons-from-public-ai-principles"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_147_1","unstructured":"Aaron Mak. 2026. OpenAI's Spin on Universal Basic Income. POLITICO. https:\/\/www.politico.com\/newsletters\/digital-future-daily\/2026\/04\/07\/openais-spin-on-universal-basic-income-00861981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400850679"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_149_1","volume-title":"No Win: A Cautionary Tale of Kadrey v","author":"Martinez David","unstructured":"David Martinez and Belle Borovik. 2025. No Harm, No Win: A Cautionary Tale of Kadrey v. Meta Platforms Inc. Los Angeles & San Francisco Daily Journal. https:\/\/www.robinskaplan.com\/newsroom\/insights\/no-harm-no-win-a-cautionary-tale-of-kadrey-v-meta-platforms-inc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_150_1","unstructured":"Alfonso Maruccia. 2025. Salesforce Hikes Slack Prices Adds AI Tools for All Paid Users. https:\/\/www.techspot.com\/news\/108366-salesforce-latest-price-increase-comes-promise-more-ai.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_151_1","unstructured":"Ramishah Maruf. 2024. X Changed Its Terms of Service to Let Its AI Train on Everyone's Posts. Now Users Are up in Arms. https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2024\/10\/21\/tech\/x-twitter-terms-of-service"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_152_1","unstructured":"Dhruv Mehrotra and Tim Marchman. 2025. Perplexity Is a Bullshit Machine. Wired. https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/perplexity-is-a-bullshit-machine\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_153_1","first-page":"204","article-title":"Was ist ein Plagiat im Journalismus?: Ma\u00dfst\u00e4be, nach denen sich Redaktionen richten k\u00f6nnen","volume":"7","author":"Meier Klaus","year":"2024","unstructured":"Klaus Meier. 2024. Was ist ein Plagiat im Journalismus?: Ma\u00dfst\u00e4be, nach denen sich Redaktionen richten k\u00f6nnen. Journalistik: Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Journalismusforschung 7, 2 (2024), 204\u2013210.","journal-title":"Journalistik: Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Journalismusforschung"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_154_1","unstructured":"Jacob Menick Maja Trebacz Vladimir Mikulik John Aslanides Francis Song Martin Chadwick Mia Glaese Susannah Young Lucy Campbell-Gillingham Geoffrey Irving and Nat McAleese. 2022. Teaching language models to support answers with verified quotes. arXiv:2203.11147 [cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2203.11147"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_155_1","unstructured":"Tomas Mikolov Kai Chen Greg Corrado and Jeffrey Dean. 2013. Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space. arXiv:1301.3781 [cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1301.3781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2212.05129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722001611"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_159_1","unstructured":"Megan Morrone. 2024. New Report: 60% of OpenAI Model's Responses Contain Plagiarism. https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2024\/02\/22\/copyleaks-openai-chatgpt-plagiarism"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_160_1","volume-title":"Facebook Confronts Growth Problems as Number of Young Users in US Declines. Financial Times (oct","author":"Murphy Hannah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hannah Murphy. 2021. Facebook Confronts Growth Problems as Number of Young Users in US Declines. Financial Times (oct 2021). https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/4304f14a-1b06-46d8-a066-42bb1b3c200c"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_161_1","unstructured":"Pandu Nayak. 2019. Understanding Searches Better than Ever Before. https:\/\/blog.google\/products-and-platforms\/products\/search\/search-language-understanding-bert\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2020.1719874"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/345966.346033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_164_1","unstructured":"Nic Newman. 2026. Journalism Media and Technology Trends and Predictions 2026 | Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. http:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/journalism-media-and-technology-trends-and-predictions-2026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rob Nicholls. 2024. Facebook Won't Keep Paying Australian Media Outlets for Their Content. Are We about to Get Another News Ban? doi:10.64628\/AA.4nmed99tc","DOI":"10.64628\/AA.4nmed99tc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rob Nicholls. 2024. Facebook Won't Keep Paying Australian Media Outlets for Their Content. Are We about to Get Another News Ban? doi:10.64628\/AA.4nmed99tc","DOI":"10.64628\/AA.4nmed99tc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_167_1","unstructured":"Brad Smith Nowbar Hossein. 2023. Microsoft Announces New Copilot Copyright Commitment for Customers. https:\/\/blogs.microsoft.com\/on-the-issues\/2023\/09\/07\/copilot-copyright-commitment-ai-legal-concerns\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_168_1","unstructured":"Office of Technology and The Division of Privacy and Identity Protection. 2024. AI (and Other) Companies: Quietly Changing Your Terms of Service Could Be Unfair or Deceptive. https:\/\/www.ftc.gov\/policy\/advocacy-research\/tech-at-ftc\/2024\/02\/ai-other-companies-quietly-changing-your-terms-service-could-be-unfair-or-deceptive"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_169_1","unstructured":"Team Olmo : Allyson Ettinger Amanda Bertsch Bailey Kuehl David Graham David Heineman Dirk Groeneveld Faeze Brahman Finbarr Timbers Hamish Ivison Jacob Morrison Jake Poznanski Kyle Lo Luca Soldaini Matt Jordan Mayee Chen Michael Noukhovitch Nathan Lambert Pete Walsh Pradeep Dasigi Robert Berry Saumya Malik Saurabh Shah Scott Geng Shane Arora Shashank Gupta Taira Anderson Teng Xiao Tyler Murray Tyler Romero Victoria Graf Akari Asai Akshita Bhagia Alexander Wettig Alisa Liu Aman Rangapur Chloe Anastasiades Costa Huang Dustin Schwenk Harsh Trivedi Ian Magnusson Jaron Lochner Jiacheng Liu Lester James V. Miranda Maarten Sap Malia Morgan Michael Schmitz Michal Guerquin Michael Wilson Regan Huff Ronan Le Bras Rui Xin Rulin Shao Sam Skjonsberg Shannon Zejiang Shen Shuyue Stella Li Tucker Wilde Valentina Pyatkin Will Merrill Yapei Chang Yuling Gu Zhiyuan Zeng Ashish Sabharwal Luke Zettlemoyer Pang Wei Koh Ali Farhadi Noah A. Smith and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2025. Olmo 3. arXiv:2512.13961 [cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2512.13961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_170_1","volume-title":"The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Number 124 in Harvard Economic Studies","author":"Olson Mancur","unstructured":"Mancur Olson. 1971. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Number 124 in Harvard Economic Studies. Harvard university press, Cambridge (Mass.) London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_171_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2023. Terms of Use. https:\/\/openai.com\/policies\/terms-of-use"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_172_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2025. [OpenAI Response] OSTP\/NSF RFI: Notice Request for Information on the Development of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) Action Plan. https:\/\/cdn.openai.com\/global-affairs\/ostp-rfi\/ec680b75-d539-4653-b297-8bcf6e5f7686\/openai-response-ostp-nsf-rfi-notice-request-for-information-on-the-development-of-an-artificial-intelligence-ai-action-plan.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_173_1","unstructured":"Gergely Orosz. 2025. Stack Overflow Is Almost Dead. The Pragmatic Engineer. https:\/\/blog.pragmaticengineer.com\/stack-overflow-is-almost-dead\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_174_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 34th Pacific Asia Conference on Language","author":"Oya Masanori","year":"2020","unstructured":"Masanori Oya. 2020. Syntactic similarity of the sentences in a multi-lingual parallel corpus based on the Euclidean distance of their dependency trees. In Proceedings of the 34th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, Minh Le Nguyen, Mai Chi Luong, and Sanghoun Song (Eds.). Association for Computational Linguistics, Hanoi, Vietnam, 225\u2013233. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2020.paclic-1.26\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_175_1","unstructured":"Nitish Pahwa. 2024. How Quora Died. (2024). https:\/\/slate.com\/technology\/2024\/02\/quora-what-happened-ai-decline.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_176_1","volume-title":"d.]. Taylor & Francis AI Deal Sets \u2018Worrying Precedent","author":"Palmer Kathryn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kathryn Palmer. [n. d.]. Taylor & Francis AI Deal Sets \u2018Worrying Precedent\u2019 for Academic Publishing. https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/news\/faculty-issues\/research\/2024\/07\/29\/taylor-francis-ai-deal-sets-worrying-precedent"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_177_1","unstructured":"Kathryn Palmer. 2024. The Prestige Factor Propping Up Academic Publishers. https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/news\/faculty-issues\/research\/2024\/09\/23\/lawsuit-highlights-how-prestige-drives-academic-publishing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_178_1","unstructured":"Harshvardhan J. Pandit Dick A. H. Blankvoort Adel Shaaban Sasha Luccioni and Abeba Birhane. 2026. Terms of (Ab)Use: An Analysis of GenAI Services. arXiv:2603.18964 [cs.CY] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2603.18964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_180_1","unstructured":"Jose Luis Paredes Ethan Smith Gregory Druck and Bevin Benson. 2024. More Articles Are Now Created by AI Than Humans. Graphite. https:\/\/graphite.io\/five-percent\/more-articles-are-now-created-by-ai-than-humans"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_181_1","volume-title":"TRAK: Attributing Model Behavior at Scale. arXiv:2303.14186 [stat.ML] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2303.14186","author":"Park Sung Min","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sung Min Park, Kristian Georgiev, Andrew Ilyas, Guillaume Leclerc, and Aleksander Madry. 2023. TRAK: Attributing Model Behavior at Scale. arXiv:2303.14186 [stat.ML] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2303.14186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christian Peukert Florian Abeillon J\u00e9r\u00e9mie Haese Franziska Kaiser and Alexander Staub. 2025. AI and the Dynamic Supply of Training Data. arXiv:2404.18445 [econ] doi:10.48550\/arXiv.2404.18445","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2404.18445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_183_1","unstructured":"Richard P. Phelps. 2022. Challenging the Academic Publisher Oligopoly. https:\/\/mindingthecampus.org\/2022\/11\/18\/challenging-the-academic-publisher-oligopoly\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_184_1","volume-title":"The ROOTS Search Tool: Data Transparency for LLMs. In To Appearin ACL 2023 (Demo Track). arXiv. arXiv:2302","author":"Piktus Aleksandra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aleksandra Piktus, Christopher Akiki, Paulo Villegas, Hugo Lauren\u00e7on, G\u00e9rard Dupont, Alexandra Sasha Luccioni, Yacine Jernite, and Anna Rogers. 2023. The ROOTS Search Tool: Data Transparency for LLMs. In To Appearin ACL 2023 (Demo Track). arXiv. arXiv:2302.14035 [cs] http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2302.14035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_185_1","unstructured":"ProRataAI. 2025. ProRata Partners with Danish Publishers Group DPCMO to Launch the First Decentralized Sovereign AI Answer Engine. https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/prorata-partners-with-danish-publishers-group-dpcmo-to-launch-the-first-decentralized-sovereign-ai-answer-engine-302637182.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511813740.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_188_1","unstructured":"Alex Reisner. 2025. The Company Quietly Funneling Paywalled Articles to AI Developers. https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/2025\/11\/common-crawl-ai-training-data\/684567\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_189_1","unstructured":"Dennis A. Rendleman. 2020. \u201cCopy That!\u201d: What Is Plagiarism in the Practice of Law? https:\/\/www.americanbar.org\/news\/abanews\/publications\/youraba\/2020\/youraba-march-2020\/_copy-that-_\u2013what-is-plagiarism-in-the-practice-of-law-\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10824-006-9006-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_191_1","unstructured":"Adelaida Rivas. 2025. From Sweatshops to Standards: The History of U.S. Labor Laws. https:\/\/www.davisbaconsolutions.com\/blog\/history-us-labor-laws"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_192_1","unstructured":"Carlyn Robertson. 2025. How Authors Are Thinking About AI (Survey of 1 200+ Authors). https:\/\/insights.bookbub.com\/how-authors-are-thinking-about-ai-survey\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_193_1","volume-title":"ICLR 2026","author":"Rogers Anna","year":"2026","unstructured":"Anna Rogers. 2026. The human knowledge loophole in the \u2018bitter lesson\u2019 for LLMs. In The Fifth Blogpost Track at ICLR 2026. https:\/\/iclr-blogposts.github.io\/2026\/blog\/2026\/llm-bitter-lesson\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_194_1","unstructured":"Reece Rogers. 2024. Google Search Ranks AI Spam Above Original Reporting in News Results. (2024). https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/google-search-ai-spam-original-reporting-news-results\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_195_1","series-title":"SSRC AI Disclosures Project Working Paper Series 1","volume-title":"Beyond public access in LLM pre-training data: Non-public book content in OpenAI's models","author":"Rosenblat Sruly","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sruly Rosenblat, Tim O'Reilly, and Ilan Strauss. 2025. Beyond public access in LLM pre-training data: Non-public book content in OpenAI's models. SSRC AI Disclosures Project Working Paper Series 1 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_196_1","unstructured":"Emma Roth. 2024. Google's AI Search Summaries Officially Have Ads. https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2024\/10\/3\/24260637\/googles-ai-overview-ads-launch"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_197_1","unstructured":"Karen R\u00f8nde. 2026. DPCMO Partners with TollBit to Offer Solutions to Support its Members - DPCMO. DPCMO. https:\/\/dpcmo.dk\/dpcmo-partners-with-tollbit-to-offer-solutions-to-support-its-members\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_198_1","unstructured":"Karen R\u00f8nde. 2026. A united Danish media industry takes OpenAI to court. DPCMO. https:\/\/dpcmo.dk\/a-united-danish-media-industry-takes-openai-to-court\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_199_1","unstructured":"Janet Salmons. 2024. Routledge Sells Out Authors to AI. https:\/\/blog.taaonline.net\/2024\/08\/routledge-sells-out-authors-to-ai\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_200_1","unstructured":"Nate Sanford. 2025. As WA Government Officials Embrace AI Policies Are Still Catching Up. https:\/\/www.knkx.org\/government\/2025-08-27\/washington-state-everett-bellingham-government-officials-embrace-artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-policies-catching-up"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_201_1","volume-title":"OpenAI Says It Is \u2018Impossible","author":"Sankaran Vishwam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vishwam Sankaran. 2024. OpenAI Says It Is \u2018Impossible\u2019 to Train AI without Using Copyrighted Works for Free. The Independent (jan 2024). https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/tech\/openai-chatgpt-copyrighted-work-use-b2475386.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_202_1","unstructured":"Megan Sauer. 2024. OpenAI CEO Sam Altman: You Could Get Paid One Day for the AI Training Data We Use. https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2024\/12\/06\/openai-ceo-sam-altman-you-could-get-paid-one-day-for-ai-training-data.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Teven Le Scao Angela Fan Christopher Akiki Ellie Pavlick Suzana Ili\u0107 Daniel Hesslow Roman Castagn\u00e9 Alexandra Sasha Luccioni Fran\u00e7ois Yvon Matthias Gall\u00e9 Jonathan Tow Alexander M. Rush Stella Biderman Albert Webson Pawan Sasanka Ammanamanchi Thomas Wang Beno\u00eet Sagot Niklas Muennighoff Albert Villanova del Moral Olatunji Ruwase Rachel Bawden Stas Bekman Angelina McMillan-Major Iz Beltagy Huu Nguyen Lucile Saulnier Samson Tan Pedro Ortiz Suarez Victor Sanh Hugo Lauren\u00e7on Yacine Jernite Julien Launay Margaret Mitchell Colin Raffel Aaron Gokaslan Adi Simhi Aitor Soroa Alham Fikri Aji Amit Alfassy Anna Rogers Ariel Kreisberg Nitzav Canwen Xu Chenghao Mou Chris Emezue Christopher Klamm Colin Leong Daniel van Strien David Ifeoluwa Adelani Dragomir Radev Eduardo Gonz\u00e1lez Ponferrada Efrat Levkovizh Ethan Kim Eyal Bar Natan Francesco De Toni G\u00e9rard Dupont Germ\u00e1n Kruszewski Giada Pistilli Hady Elsahar Hamza Benyamina Hieu Tran Ian Yu Idris Abdulmumin Isaac Johnson Itziar Gonzalez-Dios Javier de la Rosa Jenny Chim Jesse Dodge Jian Zhu Jonathan Chang J\u00f6rg Frohberg Joseph Tobing Joydeep Bhattacharjee Khalid Almubarak Kimbo Chen Kyle Lo Leandro Von Werra Leon Weber Long Phan Loubna Ben allal Ludovic Tanguy Manan Dey Manuel Romero Mu textasciitilde noz Maraim Masoud Mar\u00eda Grandury Mario \u0160a\u0161ko Max Huang Maximin Coavoux Mayank Singh Mike Tian-Jian Jiang Minh Chien Vu Mohammad A. Jauhar Mustafa Ghaleb Nishant Subramani Nora Kassner Nurulaqilla Khamis Olivier Nguyen Omar Espejel Ona de Gibert Paulo Villegas Peter Henderson Pierre Colombo Priscilla Amuok Quentin Lhoest Rheza Harliman Rishi Bommasani Roberto Luis L\u00f3pez Rui Ribeiro Salomey Osei Sampo Pyysalo Sebastian Nagel Shamik Bose Shamsuddeen Hassan Muhammad Shanya Sharma Shayne Longpre Somaieh Nikpoor Stanislav Silberberg Suhas Pai Sydney Zink Tiago Timponi Torrent Timo Schick Tristan Thrush Valentin Danchev Vassilina Nikoulina Veronika Laippala Violette Lepercq Vrinda Prabhu Zaid Alyafeai Zeerak Talat Arun Raja Benjamin Heinzerling Chenglei Si Davut Emre Ta\u015far Elizabeth Salesky Sabrina J. Mielke Wilson Y. Lee Abheesht Sharma Andrea Santilli Antoine Chaffin Arnaud Stiegler Debajyoti Datta Eliza Szczechla Gunjan Chhablani Han Wang Harshit Pandey Hendrik Strobelt Jason Alan Fries Jos Rozen Leo Gao Lintang Sutawika M. Saiful Bari Maged S. Al-shaibani Matteo Manica Nihal Nayak Ryan Teehan Samuel Albanie Sheng Shen Srulik Ben-David Stephen H. Bach Taewoon Kim Tali Bers Thibault Fevry Trishala Neeraj Urmish Thakker Vikas Raunak Xiangru Tang Zheng-Xin Yong Zhiqing Sun Shaked Brody Yallow Uri Hadar Tojarieh Adam Roberts Hyung Won Chung Jaesung Tae Jason Phang Ofir Press Conglong Li Deepak Narayanan Hatim Bourfoune Jared Casper Jeff Rasley Max Ryabinin Mayank Mishra Minjia Zhang Mohammad Shoeybi Myriam Peyrounette Nicolas Patry Nouamane Tazi Omar Sanseviero Patrick von Platen Pierre Cornette Pierre Fran\u00e7ois Lavall\u00e9e R\u00e9mi Lacroix Samyam Rajbhandari Sanchit Gandhi Shaden Smith St\u00e9phane Requena Suraj Patil Tim Dettmers Ahmed Baruwa Amanpreet Singh Anastasia Cheveleva Anne-Laure Ligozat Arjun Subramonian Aur\u00e9lie N\u00e9v\u00e9ol Charles Lovering Dan Garrette Deepak Tunuguntla Ehud Reiter Ekaterina Taktasheva Ekaterina Voloshina Eli Bogdanov Genta Indra Winata Hailey Schoelkopf Jan-Christoph Kalo Jekaterina Novikova Jessica Zosa Forde Jordan Clive Jungo Kasai Ken Kawamura Liam Hazan Marine Carpuat Miruna Clinciu Najoung Kim Newton Cheng Oleg Serikov Omer Antverg Oskar van der Wal Rui Zhang Ruochen Zhang Sebastian Gehrmann Shachar Mirkin Shani Pais Tatiana Shavrina Thomas Scialom Tian Yun Tomasz Limisiewicz Verena Rieser Vitaly Protasov Vladislav Mikhailov Yada Pruksachatkun Yonatan Belinkov Zachary Bamberger Zden\u011bk Kasner Alice Rueda Amanda Pestana Amir Feizpour Ammar Khan Amy Faranak Ana Santos Anthony Hevia Antigona Unldreaj Arash Aghagol Arezoo Abdollahi Aycha Tammour Azadeh HajiHosseini Bahareh Behroozi Benjamin Ajibade Bharat Saxena Carlos Mu textasciitilde noz Ferrandis Danish Contractor David Lansky Davis David Douwe Kiela Duong A. Nguyen Edward Tan Emi Baylor Ezinwanne Ozoani Fatima Mirza Frankline Ononiwu Habib Rezanejad Hessie Jones Indrani Bhattacharya Irene Solaiman Irina Sedenko Isar Nejadgholi Jesse Passmore Josh Seltzer Julio Bonis Sanz Livia Dutra Mairon Samagaio Maraim Elbadri Margot Mieskes Marissa Gerchick Martha Akinlolu Michael McKenna Mike Qiu Muhammed Ghauri Mykola Burynok Nafis Abrar Nazneen Rajani Nour Elkott Nour Fahmy Olanrewaju Samuel Ran An Rasmus Kromann Ryan Hao Samira Alizadeh Sarmad Shubber Silas Wang Sourav Roy Sylvain Viguier Thanh Le Tobi Oyebade Trieu Le Yoyo Yang Zach Nguyen Abhinav Ramesh Kashyap Alfredo Palasciano Alison Callahan Anima Shukla Antonio Miranda-Escalada Ayush Singh Benjamin Beilharz Bo Wang Caio Brito Chenxi Zhou Chirag Jain Chuxin Xu Cl\u00e9mentine Fourrier Daniel Le\u00f3n Peri textasciitilde n\u00e1n Daniel Molano Dian Yu Enrique Manjavacas Fabio Barth Florian Fuhrimann Gabriel Altay Giyaseddin Bayrak Gully Burns Helena U. Vrabec Imane Bello Ishani Dash Jihyun Kang John Giorgi Jonas Golde Jose David Posada Karthik Rangasai Sivaraman Lokesh Bulchandani Lu Liu Luisa Shinzato Madeleine Hahn de Bykhovetz Maiko Takeuchi Marc P\u00e0mies Maria A. Castillo Marianna Nezhurina Mario S\u00e4nger Matthias Samwald Michael Cullan Michael Weinberg Michiel De Wolf Mina Mihaljcic Minna Liu Moritz Freidank Myungsun Kang Natasha Seelam Nathan Dahlberg Nicholas Michio Broad Nikolaus Muellner Pascale Fung Patrick Haller Ramya Chandrasekhar Renata Eisenberg Robert Martin Rodrigo Canalli Rosaline Su Ruisi Su Samuel Cahyawijaya Samuele Garda Shlok S. Deshmukh Shubhanshu Mishra Sid Kiblawi Simon Ott Sinee Sang-aroonsiri Srishti Kumar Stefan Schweter Sushil Bharati Tanmay Laud Th\u00e9o Gigant Tomoya Kainuma Wojciech Kusa Yanis Labrak Yash Shailesh Bajaj Yash Venkatraman Yifan Xu Yingxin Xu Yu Xu Zhe Tan Zhongli Xie Zifan Ye Mathilde Bras Younes Belkada and Thomas Wolf. 2022. BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model. arXiv:2211.05100 [cs] doi:10.48550\/arXiv.2211.05100","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2211.05100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_204_1","volume-title":"Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer. In International Conference on Learning Representations.","author":"Shazeer Noam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noam Shazeer, *Azalia Mirhoseini, *Krzysztof Maziarz, Andy Davis, Quoc Le, Geoffrey Hinton, and Jeff Dean. 2017. Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer. In International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_205_1","volume-title":"Luca Soldaini, Kyle Lo, Noah A. Smith, Luke Zettlemoyer, Pang Wei Koh, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Ali Farhadi, and Sewon Min.","author":"Shi Weijia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Weijia Shi, Akshita Bhagia, Kevin Farhat, Niklas Muennighoff, Pete Walsh, Jacob Morrison, Dustin Schwenk, Shayne Longpre, Jake Poznanski, Allyson Ettinger, Daogao Liu, Margaret Li, Dirk Groeneveld, Mike Lewis, Wen tau Yih, Luca Soldaini, Kyle Lo, Noah A. Smith, Luke Zettlemoyer, Pang Wei Koh, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Ali Farhadi, and Sewon Min. 2025. FlexOlmo: Open Language Models for Flexible Data Use. arXiv:2507.07024 [cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2507.07024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2022\/782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3420304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_209_1","unstructured":"Dylan Smith. 2021. 13 400 Artists (Out of 7 Million) Earn $50k or More From Spotify Yearly. https:\/\/www.digitalmusicnews.com\/2021\/03\/18\/spotify-artist-earnings-figures\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_210_1","unstructured":"Joanna Sommer. 2025. AI-Generated Books on Amazon Are Hurting Authors and the Publishing Industry. InsideHook. https:\/\/www.insidehook.com\/books\/ai-generated-books-amazon-authors-publishing-industry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-acl.71"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_212_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-287-098-8_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_213_1","volume-title":"April","author":"Temple Karyn A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karyn A. Temple. 2019. Authors, Attribution, and Integrity: Examining Moral Rights in the United States - A Report of the Register of Copyrights, April 2019. Technical Report. US Copyright Office. https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/policy\/moralrights\/full-report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_214_1","unstructured":"Stuart A. Thompson. 2025. They Criticized Musk on X. Then Their Reach Collapsed. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2025\/04\/23\/business\/elon-musk-x-suppression-laura-loomer.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_215_1","volume-title":"German Court Rules. Euronews (nov","author":"Ulea Anca","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anca Ulea. 2025. OpenAI Cannot Use Song Lyrics without Paying, German Court Rules. Euronews (nov 2025). http:\/\/www.euronews.com\/next\/2025\/11\/11\/openai-chatbots-cannot-use-song-lyrics-without-paying-german-court-rules-in-landmark-trial"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/495426a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_217_1","unstructured":"Jonathan Vanian. 2025. Meta Greenlights Facebook Instagram Ads Based on Your AI Chats. https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2025\/10\/01\/meta-facebook-instagram-ads-ai-chat.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_218_1","unstructured":"Henrique Schechter Vera Sahil Dua Biao Zhang Daniel Salz Ryan Mullins Sindhu Raghuram Panyam Sara Smoot Iftekhar Naim Joe Zou Feiyang Chen Daniel Cer Alice Lisak Min Choi Lucas Gonzalez Omar Sanseviero Glenn Cameron Ian Ballantyne Kat Black Kaifeng Chen Weiyi Wang Zhe Li Gus Martins Jinhyuk Lee Mark Sherwood Juyeong Ji Renjie Wu Jingxiao Zheng Jyotinder Singh Abheesht Sharma Divyashree Sreepathihalli Aashi Jain Adham Elarabawy AJ Co Andreas Doumanoglou Babak Samari Ben Hora Brian Potetz Dahun Kim Enrique Alfonseca Fedor Moiseev Feng Han Frank Palma Gomez Gustavo Hern\u00e1ndez \u00c1brego Hesen Zhang Hui Hui Jay Han Karan Gill Ke Chen Koert Chen Madhuri Shanbhogue Michael Boratko Paul Suganthan Sai Meher Karthik Duddu Sandeep Mariserla Setareh Ariafar Shanfeng Zhang Shijie Zhang Simon Baumgartner Sonam Goenka Steve Qiu Tanmaya Dabral Trevor Walker Vikram Rao Waleed Khawaja Wenlei Zhou Xiaoqi Ren Ye Xia Yichang Chen Yi-Ting Chen Zhe Dong Zhongli Ding Francesco Visin Ga\u00ebl Liu Jiageng Zhang Kathleen Kenealy Michelle Casbon Ravin Kumar Thomas Mesnard Zach Gleicher Cormac Brick Olivier Lacombe Adam Roberts Qin Yin Yunhsuan Sung Raphael Hoffmann Tris Warkentin Armand Joulin Tom Duerig and Mojtaba Seyedhosseini. 2025. EmbeddingGemma: Powerful and Lightweight Text Representations. arXiv:2509.20354 [cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2509.20354"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nicholas Vincent Matthew Prewitt and Hanlin Li. 2025. Collective Bargaining in the Information Economy Can Address AI-Driven Power Concentration. arXiv:2506.10272 [cs] doi:10.48550\/arXiv.2506.10272","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2506.10272"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_220_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-tutorials.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_221_1","unstructured":"Marcus Walsh. 2025. YouTube Error That Could've Cost Thousands. https:\/\/cybernews.com\/news\/youtube-monetization-influencer-error\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_222_1","volume-title":"Su","author":"Wang Jiachen T.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiachen T. Wang, Zhun Deng, Hiroaki Chiba-Okabe, Boaz Barak, and Weijie J. Su. 2024. An Economic Solution to Copyright Challenges of Generative AI. arXiv:2404.13964 [cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.13964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.naacl-long.597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_224_1","unstructured":"Alexander Wettig Kyle Lo Sewon Min Hannaneh Hajishirzi Danqi Chen and Luca Soldaini. 2025. Organize the Web: Constructing Domains Enhances Pre-Training Data Curation. arXiv:2502.10341 [cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2502.10341"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08141-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_226_1","unstructured":"Kyle Wiggers. 2024. OpenAI Inks Deal to Train AI on Reddit Data. https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2024\/05\/16\/openai-inks-deal-to-train-ai-on-reddit-data\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_227_1","unstructured":"Kyle Wiggers. 2025. Mark Zuckerberg Gave Meta's Llama Team the OK to Train on Copyrighted Works Filing Claims. https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2025\/01\/09\/mark-zuckerberg-gave-metas-llama-team-the-ok-to-train-on-copyrighted-works-filing-claims\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_228_1","unstructured":"Joe Wilkins. 2026. Furious AI Users Say Their Prompts Are Being Plagiarized. https:\/\/futurism.com\/artificial-intelligence\/ai-prompt-plagiarism-art"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_229_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SaTML59370.2024.00039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_230_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2604.08525"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_231_1","volume-title":"How Our Time and Attention Is Harvested and Sold","author":"Tim Wu.","unstructured":"Tim Wu. 2016. The Attention Merchants: From the Daily Newspaper to Social Media, How Our Time and Attention Is Harvested and Sold. Atlantic Books, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_232_1","unstructured":"Jinsung Yoon Sercan O. Arik and Tomas Pfister. 2019. Data Valuation using Reinforcement Learning. arXiv:1909.11671 [cs.LG] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1909.11671"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_233_1","volume-title":"What's Next? CBC Radio (aug","author":"Zandbergen Rebecca","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rebecca Zandbergen. 2023. Canadian Media Trained Audiences to Use Facebook. With Meta Blocking News, What's Next? CBC Radio (aug 2023). https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/radio\/sunday\/canadian-media-news-meta-facebook-1.6939274"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_234_1","volume-title":"Like Company v Google CJEU Holds First-Ever Hearing on Generative AI and Copyright on","author":"Zhang Cen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Cen Zhang. 2026. Like Company v Google CJEU Holds First-Ever Hearing on Generative AI and Copyright on 10 March 2026 - Bird & Bird. Bird & Bird. https:\/\/www.twobirds.com\/en\/insights\/2026\/like-company-v-google-cjeu-holds-first-ever-hearing-on-generative-ai-and-copyright-on-10-march-2026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_235_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luyang Zhang Cathy Jiao Beibei Li and Chenyan Xiong. 2025. Fairshare Data Pricing via Data Valuation for Large Language Models. arXiv:2502.00198 [cs] doi:10.48550\/arXiv.2502.00198","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2502.00198"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_236_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003320609-27"}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '26: The 2026 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Montreal QC Canada","acronym":"FAccT '26","sponsor":["ACM\/SIG"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3805689.3812236","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T18:33:25Z","timestamp":1782758005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3805689.3812236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":236,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3805689.3812236","10.1145\/3805689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3805689.3812236","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}