{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:43:52Z","timestamp":1782762232889,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":133,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3805689.3812280","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T17:52:08Z","timestamp":1782755528000},"page":"2162-2185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Algorithm Auditing Policies Rest on Flawed Assumptions About Public Sector Systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5044-3276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nel","family":"Escher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA, and Computer Science, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2790-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Banovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0332-4110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"State of Oklahoma House Bill","author":"Alonso-Sandoval Arturo","year":"1916","unstructured":"Arturo Alonso-Sandoval. 2025. State of Oklahoma House Bill 1916. https:\/\/www.oklegislature.gov\/cf_pdf\/2025-26%20INT\/hB\/HB1916%20INT.PDF"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"George Alvarez. 2023. New York State Senate Assembly Bill A9315A. https:\/\/www.nysenate.gov\/legislation\/bills\/2023\/A9315\/amendment\/A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"American Action Forum. 2025. AI Legislation Tracker. https:\/\/www.americanactionforum.org\/list-of-proposed-ai-bills-table\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"American Civil Liberties Union. 2025. Tracking Automated Employment Decision Tool Bias Audits. https:\/\/github.com\/aclu-national\/tracking-ll144-bias-audits"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Rebecca Bauer-Kahan. 2025. California Legislature Assembly Bill 1018. https:\/\/leginfo.legislature.ca.gov\/faces\/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260AB1018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Unemployment Insurance Agency","author":"Bauserman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bauserman v. Unemployment Insurance Agency. 2022. Opinion of the Supreme Court. Michigan Supreme Court, Docket No. 160813. https:\/\/www.courts.michigan.gov\/courts\/supreme-court\/prior-terms-case-information\/case-information\/2021-2022-october-case-information\/160813-grant-bauserman-v-unemployment-insurance-agency\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Ryan Bergan and David Zin. 2019. Michigan Economic Indicators. https:\/\/sfa.senate.michigan.gov\/Publications\/EconInd\/MEI_APR19.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SaTML59370.2024.00037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Assessing AI: Surveying the Spectrum of Approaches to Understanding and Auditing AI Systems","author":"Bogen Miranda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Miranda Bogen. 2025. Assessing AI: Surveying the Spectrum of Approaches to Understanding and Auditing AI Systems. Center for Democracy & Technology (2025). https:\/\/cdt.org\/insights\/assessing-ai-surveying-the-spectrum-of-approaches-to-understanding-and-auditing-ai-systems\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Suspicion Machine Methodology","author":"Braun Justin-Casimir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Justin-Casimir Braun, Eva Constantaras, Htet Aung, Gabriel Geiger, Dhruv Mehrotra, and Daniel Howden. 2023. Suspicion Machine Methodology. Lighthouse Reports (2023). https:\/\/www.lighthousereports.com\/methodology\/suspicion-machine\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781036232078.n9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law. 2025. Artificial Intelligence Legislation Tracker. https:\/\/www.brennancenter.org\/our-work\/research-reports\/artificial-intelligence-legislation-tracker"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951720983865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Michigan hires accounting firm to help investigate unemployment fraud. MLive","author":"Burns Gus","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gus Burns. 2023. Michigan hires accounting firm to help investigate unemployment fraud. MLive (2023). https:\/\/www.mlive.com\/public-interest\/2020\/07\/michigan-hires-accounting-firm-to-help-investigate-unemployment-fraud.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","first-page":"797","article-title":"The Automated Administrative State: A Crisis of Legitimacy","volume":"70","author":"Calo Ryan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ryan Calo and Danielle Keats Citron. 2021. The Automated Administrative State: A Crisis of Legitimacy. Emory Law Journal 70 (2021), 797\u2013845.","journal-title":"Emory Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Not Gold","author":"Charette Robert N.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robert N. Charette. 2018. Michigan's MiDAS Unemployment System: Algorithm Alchemy Created Lead, Not Gold. IEEE Spectrum (2018). https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/riskfactor\/computing\/software\/michigans-midas-unemployment-system-algorithm-alchemy-that-created-lead-not-gold"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"House Bill 4439 of","author":"Cherry John","year":"2021","unstructured":"John Cherry. 2021. Michigan Legislature, House Bill 4439 of 2021. https:\/\/www.legislature.mi.gov\/Bills\/Bill?ObjectName=2021-HB-4439"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","first-page":"1249","article-title":"Technological Due Process","volume":"85","author":"Citron Danielle Keats","year":"2008","unstructured":"Danielle Keats Citron. 2008. Technological Due Process. Washington University Law Review 85, 6 (2008), 1249\u20131313.","journal-title":"Washington University Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Introduction: Framing Regulatory Managerialism as an Object of Study and Strategic Displacement. Law & Contemporary Problems 86","author":"Cohen Julie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Julie Cohen and Ari Waldman. 2023. Introduction: Framing Regulatory Managerialism as an Object of Study and Strategic Displacement. Law & Contemporary Problems 86 (2023), i-xxi."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Colorado Office of the State Auditor. 2023. Medicaid Correspondence Performance Audit. https:\/\/content.leg.colorado.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/audits\/2261p_medicaid_correspondence.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Herb Conaway Jr. 2024. New Jersey Legislature Assembly Bill 3855. https:\/\/www.njleg.state.nj.us\/bill-search\/2024\/A3855\/bill-text?f=A4000&n=3855_S1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Inside the Suspicion Machine. Wired","author":"Constantaras Eva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eva Constantaras, Gabriel Geiger, Justin-Casimir Braun, Dhruv Mehrotra, and Htet Aung. 2023. Inside the Suspicion Machine. Wired (2023). https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/welfare-state-algorithms\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Joe Courtney. 2020. CARES Act. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/116th-congress\/house-bill\/748"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Catalina Cruz. 2023. The New York State Senate Assembly Bill A3308. https:\/\/www.nysenate.gov\/legislation\/bills\/2023\/A3308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376638"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Deloitte. 2020. Chronology of Key Fraud Risk Management Events Report. https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/-\/media\/Project\/Websites\/leo\/Folder8\/SoM_UIA_Forensic_Review_11252020.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Deloitte. 2021. Fraud Measurement Estimation. https:\/\/content.govdelivery.com\/attachments\/MILEO\/2021\/12\/29\/file_attachments\/2033692\/Letter%20-%20Final_.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Make state government websites work again. The Detroit News","author":"News The Detroit","year":"2025","unstructured":"The Detroit News. 2025. Make state government websites work again. The Detroit News (2025). https:\/\/www.detroitnews.com\/story\/opinion\/editorials\/2025\/06\/14\/editorial-make-state-government-websites-work-again\/84184202007\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Michigan paid up to $8.5 billion in fraudulent jobless claims during the pandemic. NPR","author":"Diaz Jaclyn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jaclyn Diaz. 2021. Michigan paid up to $8.5 billion in fraudulent jobless claims during the pandemic. NPR (2021). https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/12\/30\/1069048017\/michigan-paid-8-5-billion-in-fraudulent-jobless-claims-during-the-pandemic"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Unemployment system upgrade delayed 14 months, costs state $20M. Crain's Detroit Business","author":"Eggert David","year":"2025","unstructured":"David Eggert. 2025. Unemployment system upgrade delayed 14 months, costs state $20M. Crain's Detroit Business (2025). https:\/\/www.crainsdetroit.com\/politics-policy\/michigan- unemployment-system-upgrade-delayed"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","first-page":"451","article-title":"Computer Says No!\u201d: The Impact of Automation on the Discretionary Power of Public Officers","volume":"23","author":"Elyounes Doaa Abu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Doaa Abu Elyounes. 2021. \u201cComputer Says No!\u201d: The Impact of Automation on the Discretionary Power of Public Officers. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law 23 (2021), 451\u2013515.","journal-title":"Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-120522-091626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3392874"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3686937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor","author":"Eubanks Virginia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Virginia Eubanks. 2018. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. St. Martin's Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"The Means-Testing Industrial Complex. Law and Political Economy Project Blog","author":"Farrell Luke","year":"2026","unstructured":"Luke Farrell. 2026. The Means-Testing Industrial Complex. Law and Political Economy Project Blog (2026). https:\/\/lpeproject.org\/blog\/the-means-testing-industrial-complex\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800405284363"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Georgia Department of Community Health Office of Information Technology. 2024. Statement of Requirements. https:\/\/www.documentcloud.org\/documents\/24549649-georgia-ies-business-assessment-statement-of-requirements\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Study: Pa. benefits screening tool may be telling potential applicants they don't qualify.","author":"Giammarise Kate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kate Giammarise. 2020. Study: Pa. benefits screening tool may be telling potential applicants they don't qualify. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (2020). https:\/\/www.post-gazette.com\/news\/social-services\/2020\/09\/14\/Researchers-study-PA-benefits-screening-tool-wrong-potential-benefits-applicants-qualifications\/stories\/202009090122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Michigan's third unemployment director since 2020 is stepping down. Bridge Michigan","author":"Gibbons Lauren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lauren Gibbons. 2024. Michigan's third unemployment director since 2020 is stepping down. Bridge Michigan (2024). https:\/\/www.bridgemi.com\/michigan-government\/michigans-third-unemployment-director-2020-stepping-down"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Deloitte defends snafus in Mass. jobless data. Boston Herald","author":"Goodison Donna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Donna Goodison. 2018. Deloitte defends snafus in Mass. jobless data. Boston Herald (2018). https:\/\/www.bostonherald.com\/2013\/10\/29\/deloitte-defends-snafus-in-mass-jobless-data\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"Algorithmic Auditing: Chasing AI Accountability","volume":"39","author":"Goodman Ellen P.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ellen P. Goodman and Julia Trehu. 2022. Algorithmic Auditing: Chasing AI Accountability. Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal 39, 3 (2022), 289\u2013337.","journal-title":"Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11555.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2022.105681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479562"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372840"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658959"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"Josh Harder. 2023. Artificial Intelligence Accountability Act. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/118th-congress\/house-bill\/3369\/text"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Bob Hasegawa Sam Hunt Karen Keiser Liz Lovelett Rebecca Salda\u00f1a Derek Stanford Javier Valdez and Jeff Wilson. 2023. Washington State Legislature Senate Bill 5356 - 2023\u201324. https:\/\/app.leg.wa.gov\/billsummary\/?BillNumber=5356&Year=2023&Initiative=false"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Dutch court rules. The Guardian","author":"Henley Jon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jon Henley and Robert Booth. 2020. Welfare surveillance system violates human rights, Dutch court rules. The Guardian (2020). https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2020\/feb\/05\/welfare-surveillance-system-violates-human-rights-dutch-court-rules"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13600869.2024.2403053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","unstructured":"Brad Hoylman-Sigal. 2023. The New York State Senate Senate Bill S7623A. https:\/\/www.nysenate.gov\/legislation\/bills\/2023\/S7623\/amendment\/A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"Brad Hoylman-Sigal. 2025. New York State Senate Senate Bill 185A. https:\/\/www.nysenate.gov\/legislation\/bills\/2025\/S185\/amendment\/A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"IAPP Research and Insights. 2025. US State AI Governance Legislation Tracker. https:\/\/iapp.org\/media\/pdf\/resource_center\/global_ai_law_policy_tracker.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Sadaf Jaffer Reginald Atkins and Sterley Stanley. 2022. New Jersey Legislature Assembly Bill 4909. https:\/\/pub.njleg.gov\/bills\/2022\/A5000\/4909_I1.HTM"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Whistleblowers: Software bug keeping hundreds of inmates in Arizona prisons beyond release dates. KJZZ Phoenix","author":"Jenkins Jimmy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jimmy Jenkins. 2021. Whistleblowers: Software bug keeping hundreds of inmates in Arizona prisons beyond release dates. KJZZ Phoenix (2021). https:\/\/www.kjzz.org\/2021-02-21\/content-1660988-whistleblowers-software-bug-keeping-hundreds-inmates-arizona-prisons-beyond-release"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Algorithmic Accountability: Moving Beyond Audits","author":"Kak Amba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amba Kak and Sarah Myers West. 2023. Algorithmic Accountability: Moving Beyond Audits. AI Now Institute (2023). https:\/\/ainowinstitute.org\/publications\/algorithmic-accountability"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517439"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Automated Stategraft: Faulty Programming and Improper Collections in Michigan's Unemployment Insurance Program. Wisconsin Law Review Forward","author":"Kohl Rachael","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rachael Kohl. 2024. Automated Stategraft: Faulty Programming and Improper Collections in Michigan's Unemployment Insurance Program. Wisconsin Law Review Forward (2024), 43\u201347."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.230859"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Electronic Case File No. 1: Class Action Complaint for Injunctive Relief, Declaratory Relief, Equitable Relief, and Damages (Second Amended) and Jury Demand. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan","author":"Kreps et al v. State of Michigan Unemployment Insurance Agency et al.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kreps et al v. State of Michigan Unemployment Insurance Agency et al. 2023. Electronic Case File No. 1: Class Action Complaint for Injunctive Relief, Declaratory Relief, Equitable Relief, and Damages (Second Amended) and Jury Demand. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, Case No. 2:22-cv-12020. https:\/\/ecf.mied.uscourts.gov\/doc1\/097012671122","journal-title":"Case"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Electronic Case File No. 115-4: Declaration of Nel Escher","author":"Kreps et al v. State of Michigan Unemployment Insurance Agency et al.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kreps et al v. State of Michigan Unemployment Insurance Agency et al. 2024. Electronic Case File No. 115-4: Declaration of Nel Escher. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan Case, No. 2:22-cv-12020. https:\/\/ecf.mied.uscourts.gov\/doc1\/097113936648","journal-title":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan Case"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Electronic Case File No. 115-5: Supplemental Declaration of Nel Escher United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan","author":"Kreps et al v. State of Michigan Unemployment Insurance Agency et al.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kreps et al v. State of Michigan Unemployment Insurance Agency et al. 2024. Electronic Case File No. 115-5: Supplemental Declaration of Nel Escher United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, Case No. 2:22-cv-12020. https:\/\/ecf.mied.uscourts.gov\/doc1\/097113936649","journal-title":"Case"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Electronic Case File No. 88: Plaintiff's Reply Brief in Further Support of Partial Summary Judgment and Injunctive Relief. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan","author":"Kreps et alv. State of Michigan Unemployment Insurance Agency et al.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kreps et alv. State of Michigan Unemployment Insurance Agency et al. 2024. Electronic Case File No. 88: Plaintiff's Reply Brief in Further Support of Partial Summary Judgment and Injunctive Relief. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, Case No. 2:22-cv-12020. https:\/\/bwlawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Kreps-PLD-2024-09-18-Plf-Reply-Brief-IFS-Plf-MPSJ88.pdf","journal-title":"Case"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658957"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Errors in Deloitte-Run Medicaid Systems Can Cost Millions and Take Years To Fix. KFF Health News","author":"Liss Samantha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Samantha Liss and Rachana Pradhan. 2024. Errors in Deloitte-Run Medicaid Systems Can Cost Millions and Take Years To Fix. KFF Health News (2024). https:\/\/kffhealthnews.org\/news\/article\/deloitte-run-medicaid-systems-errors-cost-millions-take-years-to-fix\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","unstructured":"Massachusetts Executive Office of Labor and Workforce Development. 2025. Healey-Driscoll Administration Launches New Modernized Unemployment Insurance Technology System. https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/news\/healey-driscoll-administration-launches-new-modernized-unemployment-insurance-technology-system"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/1100000083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"Michigan's unemployment agency completes review of fraud determination cases","author":"Michigan Department of Labor and Economic Opportunity. 2017.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Michigan Department of Labor and Economic Opportunity. 2017. Michigan's unemployment agency completes review of fraud determination cases; comprehensive changes underway to improve customer service and operations. https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/leo\/news\/2017\/08\/11\/michigans-unemployment-agency-completes-review-of-fraud-determination-cases-comprehensive-changes-u"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","unstructured":"Michigan Department of Labor and Economic Opportunity. 2023. New modern computer system coming to UIA with Deloitte contract signing. https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/leo\/news\/2023\/04\/28\/new-modern-computer-system-coming-to-uia-with-deloitte-contract-signing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/www","author":"Michigan Department of Labor and Economic Opportunity. 2025. Welcome.","unstructured":"Michigan Department of Labor and Economic Opportunity. 2025. Welcome. https:\/\/www.house.mi.gov\/Document\/?DocumentId=53279&DocumentType=CommitteeTestimony"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Management and Budget State Administrative Board","author":"Michigan Department of Technology","year":"2025","unstructured":"Michigan Department of Technology, Management and Budget State Administrative Board. 2025. Report to the Senate and House Standing Committees on Appropriations and General Government. https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/dtmb\/-\/media\/Project\/Websites\/dtmb\/Archive\/Law-and-Policies\/Legislative-Reports\/FY2025\/Sec-809-Report-of-PA-121-of-2024-Q4-FY25.pdf?rev=67a8c6ee71774b2886b4ab9d83cfd9b5&hash=ABFEF9E3948BAE2550BE8EC192E0927F"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","unstructured":"Michigan Office of the Auditor General. 2016. Claimant Services. https:\/\/audgen.michigan.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/r641031814.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","unstructured":"Michigan Office of the Auditor General. 2016. Michigan Integrated Data Automated System (MiDAS). https:\/\/audgen.michigan.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/r641059315.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","unstructured":"Michigan Office of the Auditor General. 2020. Follow-Up Report on Prior Audit Recommendations: Claimant Services. https:\/\/audgen.michigan.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/r641031814F-0088.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","unstructured":"Michigan Office of the Auditor General. 2021. Establishing Pandemic Unemployment Assistance Eligibility Criteria. https:\/\/audgen.michigan.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/r186031921A-8294.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","unstructured":"Michigan Office of the Auditor General. 2022. Michigan Integrated Data Automated System and Michigan Web Account Manager Selected General and Application Controls. https:\/\/audgen.michigan.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/r186059321-8235.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_82_1","unstructured":"Michigan Office of the Auditor General. 2022. Personnel Management Processes During the COVID-19 Pandemic. https:\/\/audgen. michigan.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/r186031021-7565.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_83_1","unstructured":"Michigan Office of the Auditor General. 2023. Claims Processing During the COVID-19 Pandemic. https:\/\/audgen.michigan.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/r186031921-3696.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_84_1","unstructured":"Michigan Office of the Auditor General. 2023. Fraud and Investigation Activities. https:\/\/audgen.michigan.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/r186032022-7846.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_85_1","unstructured":"Michigan Office of the Auditor General. 2025. Analysis of an Audit. https:\/\/audgen.michigan.gov\/analysis-of-an-audit-2\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_86_1","unstructured":"Michigan Office of the Auditor General. 2025. Audit Details. https:\/\/audgen.michigan.gov\/about\/audit-details\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-023-00074-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-021-00319-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_89_1","first-page":"773","article-title":"Procurement as Policy: Administrative Process for Machine Learning","volume":"34","author":"Mulligan Deirdre K.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deirdre K. Mulligan and Kenneth A. Bamberger. 2019. Procurement as Policy: Administrative Process for Machine Learning. Berkeley Technology Law Journal 34, 3 (2019), 773\u2013851.","journal-title":"Berkeley Technology Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_90_1","volume-title":"Conference of State Legislatures. 2025","author":"National","year":"2025","unstructured":"National Conference of State Legislatures. 2025. Artificial Intelligence 2025 Legislation. https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/technology-and-communication\/artificial-intelligence-2025-legislation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_91_1","volume-title":"Pennsylvania General Assembly","author":"Neilson Ed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ed Neilson. 2023. Pennsylvania General Assembly, House Bill 1729. https:\/\/www.palegis.us\/legislation\/bills\/2023\/hb1729"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_92_1","unstructured":"New York City Council. 2021. A Local Law to amend the administrative code of the city of New York in relation to automated employment decision tools. https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/site\/dca\/about\/automated-employment-decision-tools.page"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_93_1","unstructured":"Office of Management and Budget. 2024. OMB Memorandum M-24-10: Advancing Governance Innovation and Risk Management for Agency Use of Artificial Intelligence. https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/M-24-10-Advancing-Governance-Innovation-and-Risk-Management-for-Agency-Use-of-Artificial-Intelligence.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_94_1","unstructured":"Office of Management and Budget. 2024. OMB Memorandum M-24-18: Advancing the Responsible Acquisition of Artificial Intelligence in Government. https:\/\/whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/M- 24-18-AI-Acquisition-Memorandum.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_95_1","unstructured":"Office of Management and Budget. 2025. OMB Memorandum M-25-21: Accelerating Federal Use of AI through Innovation Governance and Public Trust. https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/M-25-21-Accelerating-Federal-Use-of-AI-through-Innovation-Governance-and-Public-Trust.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_96_1","volume-title":"He took down Michigan's unemployment system. Now, he's struggling to fix it. Bridge Detroit","author":"Oosting Jonathan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jonathan Oosting. 2020. He took down Michigan's unemployment system. Now, he's struggling to fix it. Bridge Detroit (2020). https:\/\/www.bridgedetroit.com\/he-took-down-michigans-unemployment-system-now-hes-struggling-to-fix-it\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_97_1","unstructured":"Roma Patel. 2025. The Price You Pay: California Largely Strikes Down Bill Banning Surveillance Pricing. https:\/\/natlawreview.com\/article\/price-you-pay-california-largely-strikes-down-bill-banning-surveillance-pricing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_98_1","unstructured":"Gary Peters. 2021. Advancing American AI Act. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/senate-bill\/1353\/text"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_99_1","volume-title":"Medicaid for Millions in America Hinges on Deloitte-Run Systems Plagued by Errors. KFF Health News","author":"Pradhan Rachana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rachana Pradhan and Samantha Liss. 2024. Medicaid for Millions in America Hinges on Deloitte-Run Systems Plagued by Errors. KFF Health News (2024). https:\/\/kffhealthnews.org\/news\/article\/medicaid-deloitte-run-eligibility-systems-plagued-by-errors\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_100_1","volume-title":"Medicaid management system in Texas and other states is plagued by errors. The Texas Tribune","author":"Pradhan Rachana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rachana Pradhan and Samantha Liss. 2024. Medicaid management system in Texas and other states is plagued by errors. The Texas Tribune (2024). https:\/\/www.texastribune.org\/2024\/06\/27\/medicaid-deloitte-errors-texas\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_101_1","unstructured":"Monique Priestley. 2025. Vermont House Bill 340. https:\/\/legislature.vermont.gov\/bill\/status\/2026\/H.340"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780197579329.013.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372873"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_104_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"The MiDAS Touch: Atuahene's \u201cStategraft\u201d and Unregulated Artificial Intelligence","volume":"98","author":"Gipson Rankin Sonia M.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sonia M. Gipson Rankin. 2023. The MiDAS Touch: Atuahene's \u201cStategraft\u201d and Unregulated Artificial Intelligence. NYU Law Review Online 98 (2023), 225\u2013245.","journal-title":"NYU Law Review Online"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_105_1","volume-title":"Southerland","author":"Richardson Rashida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rashida Richardson, Jason M. Schultz, and Vincent M. Southerland. 2019. Litigating Algorithms 2019 US Report: New Challenges to Government Use of Algorithmic Decision Systems. AI Now Institute (2019). https:\/\/ainowinstitute.org\/publications\/litigating-algorithms-2019-u-s-report-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_106_1","volume-title":"Michigan unemployment agency to pause collection activities for all pandemic overpayments","author":"Roberts Adrienne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adrienne Roberts. 2022. Michigan unemployment agency to pause collection activities for all pandemic overpayments. Detroit Free Press (2022). https:\/\/www.freep.com\/story\/money\/business\/michigan\/2022\/12\/16\/michigan-unemployment-agency-collections-overpayments\/69734458007\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_107_1","volume-title":"Michigan's UIA selects Deloitte to replace unemployment insurance system","author":"Roberts Adrienne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adrienne Roberts. 2022. Michigan's UIA selects Deloitte to replace unemployment insurance system. Detroit Free Press (2022). https:\/\/www.freep.com\/story\/money\/business\/michigan\/2022\/11\/15\/michigan-unemployment-insurance-system-deloitte-midas-ufacts\/69649312007\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_108_1","volume-title":"Several Michigan unemployment insurance claimants file class-action lawsuit against agency","author":"Roberts Adrienne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adrienne Roberts. 2022. Several Michigan unemployment insurance claimants file class-action lawsuit against agency. Detroit Free Press (2022). https:\/\/www.freep.com\/story\/money\/business\/michigan\/2022\/01\/28\/lawsuit-michigans-unemployment-insurance-agency-acted-outside-law\/9258649002\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_109_1","volume-title":"What claimants need to do next","author":"Roberts Adrienne","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adrienne Roberts. 2023. Court OKs $20M settlement in unemployment false fraud suit. What claimants need to do next. Detroit Free Press (2023). https:\/\/www.freep.com\/story\/money\/business\/2023\/01\/24\/michigan-court-approves-20m-settlement-2015-unemployment-lawsuit\/69834046007\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_110_1","volume-title":"Michigan's unemployment agency settles lawsuit for $55 million, will make changes","author":"Roberts Adrienne","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adrienne Roberts. 2024. Michigan's unemployment agency settles lawsuit for $55 million, will make changes. Detroit Free Press (2024). https:\/\/www.freep.com\/story\/money\/business\/michigan\/2024\/04\/29\/michigan-uia-to-pay-55-million-in-settlement-over-pandemic-era-claims\/73499795007\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_111_1","volume-title":"Thousands of Michigan residents wrongly accused of fraud to get $1,600 checks","author":"Roberts Adrienne","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adrienne Roberts. 2024. Thousands of Michigan residents wrongly accused of fraud to get $1,600 checks. Detroit Free Press (2024). https:\/\/www.freep.com\/story\/money\/business\/michigan\/2024\/01\/02\/michigan-midas-unemployment-false-fraud-settlement-money\/72084899007\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_112_1","volume-title":"How Michigan unemployment benefits are changing","author":"Roberts Adrienne","year":"2026","unstructured":"Adrienne Roberts. 2026. How Michigan unemployment benefits are changing in 2026. Detroit Free Press (2026). https:\/\/www.freep.com\/story\/money\/business\/michigan\/2026\/01\/30\/5-developments-to-watch-with-michigan-unemployment-benefits-in-2026\/88181236007\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_113_1","unstructured":"Linda Rosenthal. 2021. New York State Senate Assembly Bill 680B. https:\/\/www.nysenate.gov\/legislation\/bills\/2021\/A680"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_114_1","volume-title":"v. State of Michigan Unemployment Insurance Agency et al","author":"Saunders","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saunders et al v. State of Michigan Unemployment Insurance Agency et al. 2022. First Amended Verified Class Action Complaint for Injunctive Relief, Declaratory Relief, Equitable Relief, and Damages. Michigan Court of Claims, Case No. 22-000007-MM. https:\/\/bwlawonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Saunders-PLD-2022-03-24-First-Amended-Verified-Complaint-FileStampedCopy.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_115_1","unstructured":"Richard Sentinella and Cobun Zweifel-Keegan. 2025. US State AI Governance Legislation Tracker. https:\/\/iapp.org\/media\/pdf\/resource_center\/us_state_ai_governance_legislation_tracker.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_116_1","unstructured":"H. Luke Shaefer and Steve Gray. 2015. Michigan Unemployment Insurance Agency: Unjust Fraud and Multiple-Determinations. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220719025537\/https:\/\/waysandmeans.house.gov\/sites\/democrats.waysandmeans.house.gov\/files\/documents\/Shaefer-Gray-USDOL-Memo_06-01-2015.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_117_1","volume-title":"The Algorithmic Auditing Trap. Medium","author":"Sloane Mona","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mona Sloane. 2021. The Algorithmic Auditing Trap. Medium (2021). https:\/\/onezero.medium.com\/the-algorithmic-auditing-trap-9a6f2d4d461d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_118_1","volume-title":"Government AI Talent","author":"Smith Gregory","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gregory Smith, Elina Treyger, Elika Somani, and Margaret Siu. 2025. Enhancing In-House U.S. Government AI Talent. RAND Corporation Global and Emerging Risks Division (2025). https:\/\/www.rand.org\/content\/dam\/rand\/pubs\/working_papers\/WRA3800\/WRA3882-1\/RAND_WRA3882-1.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_119_1","unstructured":"Michaelle Solages. 2025. New York State Senate Assembly Bill A8884. https:\/\/www.nysenate.gov\/legislation\/bills\/2025\/A8884"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_120_1","unstructured":"Shavonda Sumter. 2024. New Jersey Legislature Bill A3854\/4030. https:\/\/www.njleg.state.nj.us\/bill-search\/2024\/A3854"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_121_1","unstructured":"David Tarnas. 2024. Hawaii HB1607 - Relating to Algorithmic Discrimination. https:\/\/data.capitol.hawaii.gov\/sessions\/session2024\/bills\/HB1607_.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_122_1","unstructured":"Donald Trump. 2020. Executive Order 13960: Promoting the Use of Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence in the Federal Government. https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2020\/12\/08\/2020-27065\/promoting-the-use-of-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence-in-the-federal-government"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_123_1","volume-title":"Online Safety Act","author":"Public General Acts UK","year":"2023","unstructured":"UK Public General Acts. 2023. Online Safety Act 2023. https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2023\/50\/contents"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_124_1","unstructured":"Clyde Vanel. 2023. New York State Senate Assembly Bill A8129. https:\/\/www.nysenate.gov\/legislation\/bills\/2023\/A8129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_125_1","unstructured":"Clyde Vanel. 2025. New York State Senate Assembly Bill A3265. https:\/\/www.nysenate.gov\/legislation\/bills\/2025\/A3265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3465416.3483294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_127_1","volume-title":"B25-0114 - Stop Discrimination by Algorithms Act of","author":"White Robert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robert White. 2023. B25-0114 - Stop Discrimination by Algorithms Act of 2023. https:\/\/lims.dccouncil.gov\/Legislation\/B25-0114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533194"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_130_1","volume-title":"The State of State AI Laws","author":"Zhu Katrina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Katrina Zhu. 2023. The State of State AI Laws: 2023. https:\/\/epic.org\/the-state-of-state-ai-laws-2023\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_131_1","unstructured":"Andrew Zwicker. 2024. New Jersey Legislature Senate Bill 1588. https:\/\/www.njleg.state.nj.us\/bill-search\/2024\/S1588\/bill-text?f=S2000&n=1588_I1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_132_1","unstructured":"Andrew Zwicker. 2024. New Jersey Legislature Senate Bill 2964. https:\/\/njleg.state.nj.us\/bill-search\/2024\/S2964\/bill-text?f=S3000&n=2964_I1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_133_1","unstructured":"Zynda v. Arwood. 2016. Opinion and Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Defendants' Motion to Dismiss. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan Case No. 15\u201311449. https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/app\/details\/USCOURTS-mied-2_15-cv-11449\/"}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '26: The 2026 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Montreal QC Canada","acronym":"FAccT '26","sponsor":["ACM\/SIG"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3805689.3812280","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T18:47:05Z","timestamp":1782758825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3805689.3812280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":133,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3805689.3812280","10.1145\/3805689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3805689.3812280","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}