{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:44:57Z","timestamp":1782762297773,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":128,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","award":["EP\/W020548\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/W020548\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3805689.3812323","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T17:52:08Z","timestamp":1782755528000},"page":"3590-3625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Push and Pushback in Contesting AI: Demands for and Resistance to Accountability"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8961-2270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulu","family":"Pi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3879-1388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Lichner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4876-4750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5889-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sijia","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7636-9598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5102-6564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jatinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany, and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cybsec\/tyad020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Litigating Algorithms","author":"AI Now Institute","unstructured":"AI Now Institute. 2018. Litigating Algorithms. AI Now Institute. https:\/\/ainowinstitute.org\/news\/litigating-algorithms-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"ACLU v","author":"Liberties Union American Civil","unstructured":"American Civil Liberties Union. 2022. ACLU v. Clearview AI. American Civil Liberties Union. https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/cases\/aclu-v-clearview-ai"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Results Lead To Lawsuit In France. AI Incident Database","author":"Anonymous","year":"2012","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2012. Incident Number 75: Google Instant's Allegedly \u2018Anti-Semitic\u2019 Results Lead To Lawsuit In France. AI Incident Database (2012). https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/75 Retrieved December 2025 from https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/75."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Incident Number 184: Facial Recognition Program in S\u00e3o Paulo Metro Stations Suspended for Illegal and Disproportionate Violation of Citizens' Right to Privacy. AI Incident Database","author":"Anonymous","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2018. Incident Number 184: Facial Recognition Program in S\u00e3o Paulo Metro Stations Suspended for Illegal and Disproportionate Violation of Citizens' Right to Privacy. AI Incident Database (2018). https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/184 Retrieved December 2025 from https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/184."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Violating BIPA. AI Incident Database","author":"Anonymous","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2021. Incident Number 360: McDonald's AI Drive-Thru Allegedly Collected Biometric Customer Data without Consent, Violating BIPA. AI Incident Database (2021). https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/360 Retrieved December 2025 from https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/360."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Incident Number 534: Facebook Alleged in Lawsuit Misleading Public about Effects of Algorithms on Children. AI Incident Database","author":"Anonymous","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2021. Incident Number 534: Facebook Alleged in Lawsuit Misleading Public about Effects of Algorithms on Children. AI Incident Database (2021). https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/534 Retrieved January 2026 from https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/534."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Incident Number 926: Giorgia Meloni Reportedly Targeted by Deepfake Pornography. AI Incident Database","author":"Atherton Daniel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daniel Atherton. 2020. Incident Number 926: Giorgia Meloni Reportedly Targeted by Deepfake Pornography. AI Incident Database (2020). https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/926 Retrieved December 2025 from https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/926."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Leading to Customer Overpayment. AI Incident Database","author":"Atherton Daniel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Daniel Atherton. 2022. Incident Number 639: Air Canada Chatbot Reportedly Provides Inaccurate Bereavement Fare Information, Leading to Customer Overpayment. AI Incident Database (2022). https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/639 Retrieved December 2025 from https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/639."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Incident Number 597: Female Students at Westfield High School in New Jersey Reportedly Targeted with Deepfake Nudes. AI Incident Database","author":"Atherton Daniel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daniel Atherton. 2023. Incident Number 597: Female Students at Westfield High School in New Jersey Reportedly Targeted with Deepfake Nudes. AI Incident Database (2023). https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/597 Retrieved December 2025 from https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/597."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Incident Number 608: UnitedHealth Accused of Deploying Allegedly Flawed AI to Deny Medical Coverage. AI Incident Database","author":"Atherton Daniel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daniel Atherton. 2023. Incident Number 608: UnitedHealth Accused of Deploying Allegedly Flawed AI to Deny Medical Coverage. AI Incident Database (2023). https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/608 Retrieved December 2025 from https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/608."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Incident Number 726: A Self-Driving Cruise Robot Taxi Reportedly Struck and Dragged a Pedestrian 20 Feet. AI Incident Database","author":"Atherton Daniel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daniel Atherton. 2023. Incident Number 726: A Self-Driving Cruise Robot Taxi Reportedly Struck and Dragged a Pedestrian 20 Feet. AI Incident Database (2023). https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/726 Retrieved December 2025 from https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/726."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3678884.3681831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Bruce Barcott. 2025. In early ruling federal judge defines Character.AI chatbot as product not speech. https:\/\/www.transparencycoalition.ai\/news\/important-early-ruling-in-characterai-case-this-chatbot-is-a-product-not-speech. Accessed: 2025-12-03."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2723667"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"BBC News. 2020. A-levels and GCSEs: Government U-turn on exam grades to use teacher assessments. https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/education-53923279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Walter Britto Gaspar, and Nicolo Zingales","author":"Belli Luca","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luca Belli, Walter Britto Gaspar, and Nicolo Zingales. 2024. Regulating Facial Recognition in Brazil: Legal and Policy Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, 228\u2013241."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Benefits Tech Advocacy Hub. 2022. Arkansas Medicaid Home and Community Based Services Hours Cuts. https:\/\/www.btah.org\/case-study\/arkansas-medicaid-home-and-community-based-services-hours-cuts.html Accessed 2025-12-16."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069231183620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4054640"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/14329.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0386.2007.00378.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01402382.2010.486119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"US judge preliminarily approves $1.5 billion Anthropic copyright settlement","author":"Brittain Blake","year":"2025","unstructured":"Blake Brittain. 2025. US judge preliminarily approves $1.5 billion Anthropic copyright settlement. Reuters. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/sustainability\/boards-policy-regulation\/us-judge-approves-15-billion-anthropic-copyright-settlement-with-authors-2025-09-25\/ Accessed: 2025-12-19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262029735.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"German Federal Constitutional Court","author":"Bundesverfassungsgericht","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bundesverfassungsgericht, German Federal Constitutional Court. 2023. Judgment of the First Senate of 16 February 2023 - 1 BvR 1547\/19 -, paras. 1\u2013178. https:\/\/www.bverfg.de\/e\/rs20230216_1bvr154719en.html. English translation. Accessed 2025-12-08."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951715622512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"\u201cArtificial Intelligence principles","author":"Human Rights Centre Business","unstructured":"Business and Human Rights Centre. 2018. Google introduces \u201cArtificial Intelligence principles\u201d that prohibit its use in weapons & human rights abuses. Business and Human Rights Centre. https:\/\/www.business-humanrights.org\/en\/latest-news\/google-introduces-artificial-intelligence-principles-that-prohibit-its-use-in-weapons-human-rights-abuses\/ Accessed: 2025-12-19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/glj.2025.10140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12685\/bigwp.2013.16.1-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3170-1_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Caroline Chen. 2020. Only Seven of Stanford's First 5 000 Vaccines Were Designated for Medical Residents. https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/only-seven-of-stanfords-first-5-000-vaccines-were-designated-for-medical-residents. Accessed 2025-12-08."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fhumd.2024.1421273"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Marika Cifor Patricia Garcia T.L. Cowan J. Rault T. Sutherland A. Chan J. Rode A.L. Hoffmann N. Salehi and L. Nakamura. 2019. Feminist Data Manifest-No. https:\/\/www.manifestno.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Clarkson Law Firm P.C. 2023. Class Action Challenges OpenAI on Privacy. https:\/\/clarksonlawfirm.com\/class-action-challenges-openai-on-privacy\/ Accessed: 2025-12-12."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2017.0507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Coalition Against Predictive Policing in Pittsburgh - Predictive Policing Advocacy and Resources. https:\/\/capp-pgh.com\/ Advocacy site opposing predictive policing in Pittsburgh","author":"Predictive Coalition Against","year":"2025","unstructured":"Coalition Against Predictive Policing in Pittsburgh. 2025. Coalition Against Predictive Policing in Pittsburgh - Predictive Policing Advocacy and Resources. https:\/\/capp-pgh.com\/ Advocacy site opposing predictive policing in Pittsburgh; accessed 18 December 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445921"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2021.105573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Ben Dor","author":"Coglianese Cary","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cary Coglianese and Lavi M. Ben Dor. 2021. AI in Adjudication and Administration. Brooklyn Law Review (2021). https:\/\/scholarship.law.upenn.edu\/faculty_scholarship\/2118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Employee Monitoring: CNIL Fined Amazon France Logistique $32 Million. CNIL. https:\/\/www.cnil.fr\/en\/employee-monitoring-cnil-fined-amazon-france-logistique-eu32-million Accessed: 2025-12-13.","author":"Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libert\u00e9s (CNIL).","year":"2024","unstructured":"Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libert\u00e9s (CNIL). 2024. Employee Monitoring: CNIL Fined Amazon France Logistique $32 Million. CNIL. https:\/\/www.cnil.fr\/en\/employee-monitoring-cnil-fined-amazon-france-logistique-eu32-million Accessed: 2025-12-13."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5204\/lthj.v2i1.1313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michal Czerniawski and Dan Svantesson. 2023. Challenges to the extraterritorial enforcement of data privacy law - EU case study. 127\u2013153.","DOI":"10.53292\/bd1fa11c.f5b3afbe"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"\u201cmassive amounts of personal data","author":"Dean Grace","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grace Dean. 2023. A lawsuit claims OpenAI stole \u201cmassive amounts of personal data,\u201d including medical records and information about children, to train ChatGPT. Business Insider. https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/openai-chatgpt-generative-ai-stole-personal-data-lawsuit-children-medical-2023-6 Accessed: 2025-12-19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Anders Eidesvik. 2025. Hunger strike against AGI in San Francisco passes one-month mark. https:\/\/peninsulapress.com\/2025\/10\/02\/hunger-strike-against-agi-passes-one-month-mark\/ Accessed 2025-12-16."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17351\/ests2019.260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Jakob Emerson. 2025. Judge denies UnitedHealth's bid to limit discovery in AI coverage denial case. https:\/\/www.beckerspayer.com\/payer\/medicare-advantage\/judge-denies-unitedhealths-bid-to-limit-discovery-in-ai-coverage-denial-case\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"Lydia Emmanouilidou. 2025. How a Shady US AI Company Dodged Fines and Defied Regulators Across Europe. We Are Solomon. https:\/\/wearesolomon.com\/mag\/format\/investigation\/clearview-how-a-shady-us-ai-company-dodged-fines-and-defied-regulators-across-europe\/ Accessed: 2025-12-13."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"George Washington University","author":"Initiative Ethical Tech","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ethical Tech Initiative, George Washington University. 2024. Bartz v. Anthropic PBC. https:\/\/blogs.gwu.edu\/law-eti\/ai-litigation-database\/case-detail-page\/?pid=251 DAIL - Database of AI Litigation. Accessed: 2025-12-19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"European Center for Digital Rights (noyb). 2025. Criminal complaint against facial recognition company Clearview AI. noyb.eu. https:\/\/noyb.eu\/en\/criminal-complaint-against-facial-recognition-company-clearview-ai Accessed: 2025-12-19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spol.12998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","unstructured":"Future of Life Institute. 2023. Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter. https:\/\/futureoflife.org\/open-letter\/pause-giant-ai-experiments\/. Accessed 2025-12-16."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1329878X221076288"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"Google PAIR. 2019. Feedback + Control: Design feedback and control mechanisms to improve your AI and the user experience. https:\/\/pair.withgoogle.com\/guidebook\/chapters\/feedback-and-controls\/design-ai-feedback-loops."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Gabe Greschler. 2024. Voters approve Prop. E giving more powers to San Francisco police. The San Francisco Standard. https:\/\/sfstandard.com\/2024\/03\/05\/san-francisco-voters-election-prop-e-results-police\/ Accessed: 2025-12-19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lara Groves Aidan Peppin Andrew Strait and Jenny Brennan. 2023. Going public: the role of public participation approaches in commercial AI labs. arXiv:2306.09871 [cs.HC] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2306.09871","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3716135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv11smmtn"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"Benjamin Hardy. 2018. ARChoices rule blocked. https:\/\/arknews.org\/index.php\/2018\/05\/30\/archoices-rule-blocked\/. Accessed: 2025-12-03."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","unstructured":"Benefits Tech Advocacy Hub. [n. d.]. Arkansas Medicaid Home and Community Based Services Hours Cuts. https:\/\/www.btah.org\/case-study\/arkansas-medicaid-home-and-community-based-services-hours-cuts.html. Accessed: 2025-12-03."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","unstructured":"Institute for Healthcare Policy & Innovation University of Michigan 2018 What happens when an algorithm cuts your health care https:\/\/ihpi.umich.edu\/news\/what-happens-when-algorithm-cuts-your-health-care. Accessed 2025-12-08."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"Jersey Evening Post. 2020. Johnson and Williamson forced into U-turn over A-level grades. https:\/\/jerseyeveningpost.com\/morenews\/uknews\/2020\/08\/17\/johnson-and-williamson-forced-into-u-turn-over-a-level-grades\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658910"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","unstructured":"Justia U.S Law. 2017. Arkansas Department of Human Services v. Ledgerwood (Majority). https:\/\/law.justia.com\/cases\/arkansas\/supreme-court\/2017\/cv-17-183.html. Accessed 2025-12-08."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3689904.3694698"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","unstructured":"Pratyusha Ria Kalluri William Agnew Myra Cheng Kentrell Owens Luca Soldaini and Abeba Birhane. 2023. The Surveillance AI Pipeline. arXiv:2309.15084 [cs.CV] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2309.15084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","article-title":"The Right to Contest AI","volume":"121","author":"Kaminski Margot E.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Margot E. Kaminski and Jennifer M. Urban. 2021. The Right to Contest AI. Columbia Law Review 121, 7 (2021). https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3965041 U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 21\u201330.","journal-title":"Columbia Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","unstructured":"Data Justice Lab. [n. d.]. Data Harm Record. https:\/\/datajusticelab.org\/project\/data-harm-record\/ Accessed: 2026-03-13."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Incident Number 592: Facial Recognition Misidentifies Pregnant Woman Leading to False Arrest in Detroit. AI Incident Database","author":"Lam Khoa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khoa Lam. 2023. Incident Number 592: Facial Recognition Misidentifies Pregnant Woman Leading to False Arrest in Detroit. AI Incident Database (2023). https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/592 Retrieved December 2025 from https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/592."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","unstructured":"Algorithmic Justice League. [n. d.]. Share Your Story. Spark Change. https:\/\/www.ajl.org\/harms Accessed: 2026-03-13."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Incident Number 96: Houston Schools Must Face Teacher Evaluation Lawsuit. AI Incident Database","author":"Lutz Roman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roman Lutz. 2017. Incident Number 96: Houston Schools Must Face Teacher Evaluation Lawsuit. AI Incident Database (2017). https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/96 Retrieved December 2025 from https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/96."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449180"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"NYPD bypassed facial recognition ban to ID Pro-Palestinian student protester. THE CITY - NYC News (July","author":"Maldonado Samantha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Samantha Maldonado. 2025. NYPD bypassed facial recognition ban to ID Pro-Palestinian student protester. THE CITY - NYC News (July 2025). https:\/\/www.thecity.nyc\/2025\/07\/18\/nypd-fdny-clearview-ai-ban-columbia-palestinian-protest\/ Accessed 2025-12-16."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","volume-title":"Incident Number 91: Frontline workers protest at Stanford after hospital distributed vaccine to administrators. AI Incident Database","author":"McGregor Sean","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sean McGregor. 2020. Incident Number 91: Frontline workers protest at Stanford after hospital distributed vaccine to administrators. AI Incident Database (2020). https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/91 Retrieved November 2025 from https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/91."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"Incident Number 489: Workday's AI Tools Allegedly Enabled Employers to Discriminate against Applicants of Protected Groups. AI Incident Database","author":"McNulty Luna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luna McNulty. 2019. Incident Number 489: Workday's AI Tools Allegedly Enabled Employers to Discriminate against Applicants of Protected Groups. AI Incident Database (2019). https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/489 Retrieved November 2025 from https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/cite\/489."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406920955118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02639315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_86_1","volume-title":"Case Study: Plataforma Tecnol\u00f3gica de Intervenci\u00f3n Social \/ Projeto Horus - Argentina and Brazil. https:\/\/notmy.ai\/news\/case-study-plataforma-tecnologica-de-intervencion-social-argentina-and-brazil\/.","author":"Not My","year":"2021","unstructured":"Not My A.I. 2021. Case Study: Plataforma Tecnol\u00f3gica de Intervenci\u00f3n Social \/ Projeto Horus - Argentina and Brazil. https:\/\/notmy.ai\/news\/case-study-plataforma-tecnologica-de-intervencion-social-argentina-and-brazil\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01635-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_88_1","unstructured":"noyb - European Center for Digital Rights. 2025. Exercise your rights! https:\/\/noyb.eu\/en\/exercise-your-rights. Accessed: 2025-12-25."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_89_1","volume-title":"Armstrong. Accessed","author":"Idaho ACLU","year":"2025","unstructured":"ACLU of Idaho. 2025. K.W. v. Armstrong. Accessed December 16, 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2025.809"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_92_1","volume-title":"Fighting back against data centers, one small town at a time. The Washington Post","author":"O'Donovan Caroline","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caroline O'Donovan. 2024. Fighting back against data centers, one small town at a time. The Washington Post (2024). https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2024\/10\/05\/data-center-protest-community-resistance\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3678884.3682043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cfl.2025.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3757887.3763018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_97_1","volume-title":"San Francisco takes a historic step forward in the fight for privacy","author":"Sheard Nathan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nathan Sheard. 2019. San Francisco takes a historic step forward in the fight for privacy. Electronic Frontier Foundation. https:\/\/www.eff.org\/deeplinks\/2019\/05\/san-francisco-takes-historic-step-forward-fight-privacy Accessed: 2025-12-19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3600211.3604673"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479577"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_100_1","unstructured":"Tom Simonite. 2021. 3 Years After the Maven Uproar Google Cozies to the Pentagon. https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/3-years-maven-uproar-google-warms-pentagon\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_101_1","volume-title":"Amazon appeals $34.6 mln fine by French regulator over staff monitoring","author":"Singh Jaspreet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jaspreet Singh. 2024. Amazon appeals $34.6 mln fine by French regulator over staff monitoring. Reuters. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/amazon-appeals-346-mln-fine-by-french-regulator-over-staff-monitoring-2024-03-22\/ Accessed: 2025-12-13."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2887201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14763\/2021.3.1574"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_104_1","unstructured":"Shoshanna Solomon. 2021. Israel signs deal for cloud services with Google Amazon. The Times of Israel. https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/israel-signs-deal-for-cloud-services-with-google-amazon\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_105_1","unstructured":"Stop LAPD Spying Coalition. 2025. Stop LAPD Spying Coalition. https:\/\/stoplapdspying.org\/ Accessed: 2025-12-18."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_106_1","unstructured":"Jon Swaine. 2014. McDonald's lawsuits allege wage theft by fast-food giant and franchise owners. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2014\/mar\/13\/mcdonalds-lawsuits-allege-wage-theft-franchise-owners Accessed: 2025-12-19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_107_1","volume-title":"Israel Government Says AWS and Google Can't Boycott Nimbus Project","author":"Swinhoe Dan","unstructured":"Dan Swinhoe. 2021. Israel Government Says AWS and Google Can't Boycott Nimbus Project. Data Center Dynamics. https:\/\/www.datacenterdynamics.com\/en\/news\/israel-government-says-aws-and-google-cant-boycott-nimbus\/ Accessed 2025-12-16."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_108_1","unstructured":"The Guardian. 2025. New AI tool counters health insurance denials decided by automated algorithms. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2025\/jan\/25\/health-insurers-ai."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_109_1","unstructured":"The New York Times. 2023. Eight Months Pregnant and Arrested After False Facial Recognition Match. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/08\/06\/business\/facial-recognition-false-arrest.html. Accessed 2025-12-08."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_110_1","volume-title":"Newspaper Group Calls on AI Companies to Get Permission to Use News Content","author":"Shimbun The Yomiuri","year":"2025","unstructured":"The Yomiuri Shimbun. 2025. Newspaper Group Calls on AI Companies to Get Permission to Use News Content; Says Unauthorized Training Could Amount to Copyright Infringement. https:\/\/japannews.yomiuri.co.jp\/society\/general-news\/20250606-259586\/ Accessed: 18 December 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cfl.2025.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_112_1","volume-title":"The New York Times","author":"York Times The New","year":"2020","unstructured":"The New York Times. 2020. New Jersey Bars Police From Using Clearview Facial Recognition App. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/01\/24\/technology\/clearview-ai-new-jersey.html. The New York Times, January 24, 2020. Accessed: 2026-01-03."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_113_1","unstructured":"The New York Times. 2024. A rural Missouri town fights Big Tech and itself."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_114_1","unstructured":"Annette Tyman. 2024. Mobley v. Workday: Court Holds AI Service Providers Could Be Directly Liable for Employment Discrimination Under \u201cAgent\u201d Theory. https:\/\/www.seyfarth.com\/news-insights\/mobley-v-workday-court-holds-ai-service-providers-could-be-directly-liable-for-employment-discrimination-under-agent-theory.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517241255108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_116_1","unstructured":"United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. 2023. Access to remedy and the technology sector: Basic concepts and principles. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/Issues\/Business\/B-Tech\/access-to-remedy-concepts-and-principles.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3772318.3791923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_118_1","unstructured":"U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. 2024. The Civil Rights Implications of the Federal Use of Facial Recognition Technology. https:\/\/www.usccr.gov\/files\/2024-09\/civil-rights-implications-of-frt_0.pdf. Accessed 2025-12-08."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_119_1","volume-title":"Impoverished Algorithms: Misguided Governments, Flawed Technologies, and Social Control. Fordham Urban Law Journal","author":"Valentine Sarah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sarah Valentine. 2019. Impoverished Algorithms: Misguided Governments, Flawed Technologies, and Social Control. Fordham Urban Law Journal (2019). https:\/\/ir.lawnet.fordham.edu\/ulj\/vol46\/iss2\/4 Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3374005; accessed 2025-12-09."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1657162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_121_1","unstructured":"Jennifer Wadsworth. 2024. SFPD skirted facial-recognition ban lawsuit says. Hundreds of cases could be in jeopardy. The San Francisco Standard. https:\/\/sfstandard.com\/2024\/07\/18\/san-francisco-police-facial-recognition-violations\/ Accessed: 2025-12-19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_122_1","volume-title":"Clearview AI stops offering facial recognition technology in Canada","author":"Warburton Moira","unstructured":"Moira Warburton. 2020. Clearview AI stops offering facial recognition technology in Canada. Reuters. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/technology\/clearview-ai-stops-offering-facial-recognition-technology-in-canada-idUSKBN24808G\/ Accessed: 2025-12-19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_123_1","volume-title":"Intellectual Property in the Criminal Justice System. Stan.L. Rev. (2018). https:\/\/scholarship.law.columbia.edu\/faculty_scholarship\/4678 Available at SSRN","author":"Wexler Rebecca","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rebecca Wexler. 2018. Life, Liberty, and Trade Secrets: Intellectual Property in the Criminal Justice System. Stan.L. Rev. (2018). https:\/\/scholarship.law.columbia.edu\/faculty_scholarship\/4678 Available at SSRN; accessed 2025-12-08."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445314"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_126_1","unstructured":"Chloe Xiang. 2023. Eating Disorder Helpline Disables Chatbot for \u2018Harmful\u2019 Responses After Firing Human Staff. https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/eating-disorder-helpline-disables-chatbot-for-harmful-responses-after-firing-human-staff\/. Accessed: 2025-12-03."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aies.v8i3.36754"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713429"}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '26: The 2026 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Montreal QC Canada","acronym":"FAccT '26","sponsor":["ACM\/SIG"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3805689.3812323","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T18:58:21Z","timestamp":1782759501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3805689.3812323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":128,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3805689.3812323","10.1145\/3805689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3805689.3812323","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}