{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:45:04Z","timestamp":1782762304915,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":141,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Health Emergencies and Pandemics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3805689.3812336","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T17:52:08Z","timestamp":1782755528000},"page":"4003-4026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bureaucratic Silences: What the Canadian AI Register Reveals, Omits, and Obscures"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5704-8804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dipto","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4914-3918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christelle","family":"Tessono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2452-0687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Ishtiaque","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0073-2378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shion","family":"Guha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability. new media & society 20, 3","author":"Ananny Mike","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mike Ananny and Kate Crawford. 2018. Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability. new media & society 20, 3 (2018), 973\u2013989."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Human-centered data science: an introduction","author":"Aragon Cecilia","unstructured":"Cecilia Aragon, Shion Guha, Marina Kogan, Michael Muller, and Gina Neff. 2022. Human-centered data science: an introduction. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Starling Centre at Western University. 1 Fe. Tracking Automated Government \u2018TAG\u2019 Register Canada. http:\/\/tagregistercanada.ca\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Comments on the 3rd Review of the Directive on Automated Decision-Making. Available at SSRN 4238164","author":"Attard-Frost Blair","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blair Attard-Frost. 2022. Comments on the 3rd Review of the Directive on Automated Decision-Making. Available at SSRN 4238164 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2024.101929"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"David Gray Widder, and Christelle Tessono","author":"Attard-Frost Blair","year":"2025","unstructured":"Blair Attard-Frost, Ana Brandusescu, David Gray Widder, and Christelle Tessono. 2025. AI Countergovernance: Lessons Learned from Canada and Paris | TechPolicy.Press. https:\/\/techpolicy.press\/ai-countergovernance-lessons-learned-from-canada-and-paris"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517251340603"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23265507.2017.1300068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3659033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3383313.3418435"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2023.107197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Tech Lobby Annual Report","author":"Bannerman Sarah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sarah Bannerman, Brad McNeil, Kyle Wyndham-West, and Helen Beny. 2024. Tech Lobby Annual Report: 2023. Technical Report. The Tech Lobby."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Yoshua Bengio S\u00f6ren Mindermann Daniel Privitera Tamay Besiroglu Rishi Bommasani Stephen Casper Yejin Choi Philip Fox Ben Garfinkel Danielle Goldfarb et al. 2025. International AI safety report. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.17805 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Algorithmic accountability and public reason. Philosophy & technology 31, 4","author":"Binns Reuben","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reuben Binns. 2018. Algorithmic accountability and public reason. Philosophy & technology 31, 4 (2018), 543\u2013556."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ana Brandusescu. 2021. Artificial Intelligence Policy and Funding in Canada: Public Investments Private Interests. Technical Report. Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Montreal McGill University.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4089932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Ana Brandusescu. 2025. Transjurisdictional AI Governance and the Myth of Sovereign AI. Invited presentation at the Taiwan-Canada Frontiers of Science Symposium. Co-hosted by CIFAR DSET and NSTC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Comments on the third review of Canada's Directive on Automated Decision-Making. Available at SSRN 4271913","author":"Brandusescu Ana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ana Brandusescu and Renee Sieber. 2022. Comments on the third review of Canada's Directive on Automated Decision-Making. Available at SSRN 4271913 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dap.2025.17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Digitizing identities","author":"Broeders Dennis","unstructured":"Dennis Broeders and Huub Dijstelbloem. 2015. The Datafication of mobility and migration management: The mediating state and its consequences. In Digitizing identities. Routledge, 242\u2013260."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300271"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and automation in the migration governance of international students: An accidental ethnography","volume":"14","author":"Brunner Lisa Ruth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lisa Ruth Brunner and Wei William Tao. 2024. Artificial intelligence and automation in the migration governance of international students: An accidental ethnography. Journal of International Students 14, 1 (2024), 269\u2013288.","journal-title":"Journal of International Students"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Conference on fairness, accountability and transparency. PMLR, 77\u201391","author":"Buolamwini Joy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru. 2018. Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. In Conference on fairness, accountability and transparency. PMLR, 77\u201391."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3659037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Carolina Del Pino, Edson Pontes Pinto, Camila Barbosa, Diogo Massmann, Rodrigo Mambrini, Luiza Galv\u00e3o, Edmund Terem, et al.","author":"Corr\u00eaa Nicholas Kluge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nicholas Kluge Corr\u00eaa, Camila Galv\u00e3o, James William Santos, Carolina Del Pino, Edson Pontes Pinto, Camila Barbosa, Diogo Massmann, Rodrigo Mambrini, Luiza Galv\u00e3o, Edmund Terem, et al. 2023. Worldwide AI ethics: A review of 200 guidelines and recommendations for AI governance. Patterns 4, 10 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642669"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.c3nlp-1.8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2","author":"Das Dipto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dipto Das, Carsten \u00d8sterlund, and Bryan Semaan. 2021. \u201cJol\u201d or \u201cPani\u201d?: How Does Governance Shape a Platform's Identity? Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (2021), 1\u201325."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Lina Dencik Arne Hintz Joanna Redden and Harry Warne. 2018. Data scores as Governance: Investigating uses of citizen scoring in public services project report. (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211035955"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Daria Dergacheva Vasilisa Kuznetsova Rebecca Scharlach and Christian Katzenbach. 2023. One Day in Content Moderation: Analyzing 24 h of Social Media Platforms' Content Decisions through the DSA Transparency Database. (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2014.976411"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2844110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-87974-6_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3589335.3651482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor","author":"Eubanks Virginia","unstructured":"Virginia Eubanks. 2018. Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. Macmillan+ ORM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Critical discourse analysis","author":"Fairclough Norman","unstructured":"Norman Fairclough. 2023. Critical discourse analysis. In The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis. Routledge, 11\u201322."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.586"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951719860542"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3458723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"n.d.. Does Grammarly use Sub-processors? https:\/\/support.grammarly.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/360036884632-Does-Grammarly-use-Sub-processors. [Accessed","year":"2026","unstructured":"Grammarly. n.d.. Does Grammarly use Sub-processors? https:\/\/support.grammarly.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/360036884632-Does-Grammarly-use-Sub-processors. [Accessed: Jan 10, 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Big data, small answers: How the DSA Transparency Database falls short of its regulatory objectives. Telecommunications Policy","author":"Groesch Samuel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Samuel Groesch, Alena Birrer, Natascha Just, and Florian Saurwein. 2025. Big data, small answers: How the DSA Transparency Database falls short of its regulatory objectives. Telecommunications Policy (2025), 103088."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Public AI Registers: Realising AI transparency and civic participation in government use of AI. Whitepaper Version 1","author":"Haataja M","year":"2020","unstructured":"M Haataja, L van de Fliert, and P Rautio. 2020. Public AI Registers: Realising AI transparency and civic participation in government use of AI. Whitepaper Version 1 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"The ethics of AI ethics: An evaluation of guidelines. Minds and machines 30, 1","author":"Hagendorff Thilo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thilo Hagendorff. 2020. The ethics of AI ethics: An evaluation of guidelines. Minds and machines 30, 1 (2020), 99\u2013120."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517241234298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3571724"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265052522000073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Assessing AI Impact Assessments: A Classroom Study. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.11193","author":"Johnson Nari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nari Johnson and Hoda Heidari. 2023. Assessing AI Impact Assessments: A Classroom Study. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.11193 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"Pat Kelly. 2022. Facial recognition technology and the growing power of artificial intelligence. Parliament."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S18-2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Big Data? Exploring the ontological characteristics of 26 datasets. Big data & society 3, 1","author":"Kitchin Rob","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rob Kitchin and Gavin McArdle. 2016. What makes Big Data, Big Data? Exploring the ontological characteristics of 26 datasets. Big data & society 3, 1 (2016), 2053951716631130."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"Katarzyhna Klafkowska-Wa\u015bniowska and Jakub Drag. [n. d.]. In Search of Reason. Are Statements of Reason Under the Digital Services Act a Valuable Source of Information on Content Moderation Practices? Available at SSRN 5257655 ([n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Tools. In Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. 2991\u20133005","author":"Kuehnert Blaine","year":"2025","unstructured":"Blaine Kuehnert, Rachel Kim, Jodi Forlizzi, and Hoda Heidari. 2025. The\u201cWho\u201d,\u201cWhat\u201d, and\u201cHow\u201d of Responsible AI Governance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of (Actor, Stage)-Specific Tools. In Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. 2991\u20133005."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"Mahtab Laghaei Christelle Tessono Viet Vu and Andr\u00e9 C\u00f4t\u00e9. 2025. Submission to the Consultation on Canada's Renewed AI Strategy. Technical Report. The Dais University of Toronto. https:\/\/dais.ca\/reports\/submission-to-the-consultation-on-canadas-renewed-ai-strategy\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Transparency in artificial intelligence. Internet policy review 9, 2","author":"Larsson Stefan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stefan Larsson and Fredrik Heintz. 2020. Transparency in artificial intelligence. Internet policy review 9, 2 (2020), 1\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020852313477761"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"Tricia Lo. 2025. TELUS opens Canada's first fully Sovereign AI Factory. https:\/\/www.telus.com\/en\/about\/news-and-events\/media-releases\/telus-opens-canadas-first-fully-sovereign-ai-factory"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Immigration lawyers concerned IRCC's use of processing technology leading to unfair visa refusals. https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/nova-scotia\/immigration-canada-ircc-technology-1.7632130. [Accessed","author":"Luck Shaina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shaina Luck. 2025. Immigration lawyers concerned IRCC's use of processing technology leading to unfair visa refusals. https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/nova-scotia\/immigration-canada-ircc-technology-1.7632130. [Accessed: Dec 28, 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-9713.2016.00960.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Bounded rationality, ambiguity, and the engineering of choice. The bell journal of economics","author":"March James G","year":"1978","unstructured":"James G March. 1978. Bounded rationality, ambiguity, and the engineering of choice. The bell journal of economics (1978), 587\u2013608."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3700794.3700820"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359174"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3594737"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","volume-title":"Ronald E Robertson, Karrie Karahalios, Christo Wilson, Jeff Hancock, Christian Sandvig, et al.","author":"Metaxa Dana\u00eb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dana\u00eb Metaxa, Joon Sung Park, Ronald E Robertson, Karrie Karahalios, Christo Wilson, Jeff Hancock, Christian Sandvig, et al. 2021. Auditing algorithms: Understanding algorithmic systems from the outside in. Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Human-Computer Interaction 14, 4(2021), 272\u2013344."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Methods of critical discourse analysis","author":"Meyer Michael","unstructured":"Michael Meyer and Ruth Wodak. 2001. Methods of critical discourse analysis. Sage London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"n.d.. Canada Protected B. https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/databricks\/security\/privacy\/cccs-medium-protected-b. [Accessed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Microsoft. n.d.. Canada Protected B. https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/databricks\/security\/privacy\/cccs-medium-protected-b. [Accessed: December 13, 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"The Walls Have Eyes: Surviving Migration in the Age of Artificial Intelligence","author":"Moln\u00e1r Petra","unstructured":"Petra Moln\u00e1r. 2024. The Walls Have Eyes: Surviving Migration in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (first edition. ed.). New Press, The, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713232"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"\u201cBlack Box\u201d: Enabling Meaningful Transparency of Algorithmic Decision-Making Systems through Public Registers. Ph. D. Dissertation","author":"Murad Maya","unstructured":"Maya Murad. 2021. Beyond the \u201cBlack Box\u201d: Enabling Meaningful Transparency of Algorithmic Decision-Making Systems through Public Registers. Ph. D. Dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15701255241297107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Accessed","author":"Bangladesh Government","year":"2024","unstructured":"Government of Bangladesh. 2024. National Artificial Intelligence Policy. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/BDAIpolicy. Accessed: December 21, 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_84_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada. [n. d.]. Canadian Sovereign AI Compute Strategy. https:\/\/ised-isde.canada.ca\/site\/ised\/en\/canadian-sovereign-ai-compute-strategy"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_85_1","volume-title":"Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA). https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/P-8.6\/. (2000). [Accessed","author":"Canada Government","year":"2026","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2000. Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA). https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/P-8.6\/. (2000). [Accessed: March 12, 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_86_1","volume-title":"Directive on Automated Decision-Making. https:\/\/www.tbs-sct.canada.ca\/pol\/doc-eng.aspx?id=32592. [Accessed","author":"Canada Government","year":"2026","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2021. Directive on Automated Decision-Making. https:\/\/www.tbs-sct.canada.ca\/pol\/doc-eng.aspx?id=32592. [Accessed: March 15, 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_87_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2024. Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy. https:\/\/ised-isde.canada.ca\/site\/ai-strategy\/en\/pan-canadian-artificial-intelligence-strategy Last Modified: 2024-12-03 Publisher: Innovation Science and Economic Development Canada."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_88_1","volume-title":"Departments and agencies. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/government\/dept.html. [Accessed","author":"Canada Government","year":"2025","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2025. Departments and agencies. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/government\/dept.html. [Accessed: December 12, 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_89_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2025. Government of Canada AI Register (Minimum Viable Product) - GC AI Register (MVP). https:\/\/open.canada.ca\/data\/en\/dataset\/fcbc0200-79ba-4fa4-94a6-00e32facea6b\/resource\/369f6f34-148a-42ed-b581-8c164e941a89. [Accessed: December 16 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_90_1","volume-title":"What is a Labour Market Impact Assessment? https:\/\/ircc.canada.ca\/english\/helpcentre\/answer.asp?qnum=163&top=17. [Accessed","author":"Canada Government","year":"2026","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2025. What is a Labour Market Impact Assessment? https:\/\/ircc.canada.ca\/english\/helpcentre\/answer.asp?qnum=163&top=17. [Accessed: Jan 1, 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_91_1","unstructured":"Treasury Board Secretariat of Canada. 2024. Directive on Automated Decision-Making. https:\/\/www.tbs-sct.canada.ca\/pol\/doc-eng.aspx?id=32592 Last Modified: 2023-04-25."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_92_1","volume-title":"Algorithmic Impact Assessment tool. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/government\/system\/digital-government\/digital-government-innovations\/responsible-use-ai\/algorithmic-impact-assessment.html. [Accessed","author":"Government","year":"2026","unstructured":"Government of Canada policy. 2026. Algorithmic Impact Assessment tool. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/government\/system\/digital-government\/digital-government-innovations\/responsible-use-ai\/algorithmic-impact-assessment.html. [Accessed: March 15, 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_93_1","volume-title":"Audit Trails for Accountability in Large Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.20727","author":"Ojewale Victor","year":"2026","unstructured":"Victor Ojewale, Harini Suresh, and Suresh Venkatasubramanian. 2026. Audit Trails for Accountability in Large Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.20727 (2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_94_1","volume-title":"AI in the Global South: Opportunities and challenges towards more inclusive governance. The Brookings Institution","author":"Okolo Chinasa T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chinasa T Okolo. 2023. AI in the Global South: Opportunities and challenges towards more inclusive governance. The Brookings Institution (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_95_1","volume-title":"Social data: Biases, methodological pitfalls, and ethical boundaries. Frontiers in big data 2","author":"Olteanu Alexandra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alexandra Olteanu, Carlos Castillo, Fernando Diaz, and Emre Kiciman. 2019. Social data: Biases, methodological pitfalls, and ethical boundaries. Frontiers in big data 2 (2019), 13."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_96_1","unstructured":"Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence. 2024. Algorithmic Transparency in the Public Sector: A state-of-the-art report of algorithmic transparency instruments. https:\/\/wp.oecd.ai\/app\/uploads\/2025\/05\/algorithmic-transparency-in-the-public-sector.pdf. [Accessed: Dec 28 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674736061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211029322"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372873"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951718809145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_102_1","volume-title":"Datafied child welfare services as sites of struggle. Data justice and the right to the City","author":"Redden Joanna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Joanna Redden, Jessica Brand, Ina Sander, and Harry Warne. 2022. Datafied child welfare services as sites of struggle. Data justice and the right to the City (2022), 69."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_103_1","volume-title":"Automating public services: Learning from cancelled systems","author":"Redden Joanna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Joanna Redden, Jessica Brand, Ina Sander, Harry Warne, A Grant, and D White. 2022. Automating public services: Learning from cancelled systems. Cardiff, UK: Data Justice Lab, Cardiff University 30 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01442872.2020.1724928"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_105_1","unstructured":"Alex Riehl. 2025. Telus partners with Nvidia to transform its data centre into a Canadian \u201cSovereign AI Factory\u201d. https:\/\/betakit.com\/telus-partners-with-nvidia-to-launch-canadian-sovereign-ai-factory\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3917\/res.232.0169"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274417"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_108_1","volume-title":"Auditing algorithms: Research methods for detecting discrimination on internet platforms. Data and discrimination: converting critical concerns into productive inquiry 22","author":"Sandvig Christian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Christian Sandvig, Kevin Hamilton, Karrie Karahalios, and Cedric Langbort. 2014. Auditing algorithms: Research methods for detecting discrimination on internet platforms. Data and discrimination: converting critical concerns into productive inquiry 22, 2014 (2014), 4349\u20134357."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1163"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3476089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3616473"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3722192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3757481"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_118_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th acm conference on computer supported cooperative work & social computing. 826\u2013838","author":"Sen Shilad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shilad Sen, Margaret E Giesel, Rebecca Gold, Benjamin Hillmann, Matt Lesicko, Samuel Naden, Jesse Russell, Zixiao Wang, and Brent Hecht. 2015. Turkers, scholars, \u201carafat\u201d and \u201cpeace\u201d cultural communities and algorithmic gold standards. In Proceedings of the 18th acm conference on computer supported cooperative work & social computing. 826\u2013838."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_119_1","volume-title":"Algorithm registers as an infrastructural element for transparent government. Artificial intelligence in the city: Building civic engagement and public trust","author":"Sengupta Ushnish","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ushnish Sengupta. 2022. Algorithm registers as an infrastructural element for transparent government. Artificial intelligence in the city: Building civic engagement and public trust (2022), 68."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479577"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_121_1","unstructured":"Ren\u00e9e Sieber Ana Brandusescu and Jonathan van Geuns. 2026. Building AI Governance in Municipalities from the Ground Up."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_122_1","unstructured":"Richard Simeon. 2006. The division of powers in Canada: an overview. (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658931"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372870"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_126_1","volume-title":"Ottawa launches AI register showing how the tech is being used within federal departments. https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/politics\/federal-government-public-ai-register-9.6995056. [Accessed","author":"Steven Benjamin Lopez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Benjamin Lopez Steven. 2025. Ottawa launches AI register showing how the tech is being used within federal departments. https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/politics\/federal-government-public-ai-register-9.6995056. [Accessed: December 21, 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_127_1","volume-title":"Located accountabilities in technology production. Scandinavian journal of information systems 14, 2","author":"Suchman Lucy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lucy Suchman. 2002. Located accountabilities in technology production. Scandinavian journal of information systems 14, 2 (2002), 7."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araz Taeihagh. 2025. Governance of generative AI. 22 pages.","DOI":"10.1093\/polsoc\/puaf001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_129_1","volume-title":"Nusrat Jahan Mim, and Shion Guha","author":"Tessono Christelle","year":"2026","unstructured":"Christelle Tessono, Nusrat Jahan Mim, and Shion Guha. 2026. Infrastructure and its Discontents: Contestations of Power in Canada's AI Governance Scaffold. (2026). Manuscript under review."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_130_1","unstructured":"Christelle Tessono Yuan Stevens Momin M. Malik Sonja Solomun Supriya Dwivedi and Sam Andrey. 2022. AI Oversight Accountability and Protecting Human Rights. https:\/\/dais.ca\/reports\/aida\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3711085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_132_1","volume-title":"State of the Evidence: Algorithmic Transparency. https:\/\/www.opengovpartnership.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/State-of-the-Evidence-Algorithmic-Transparency.pdf. Open Government Partnership","author":"Valderrama M","year":"2023","unstructured":"M Valderrama, MP Hermosilla, and R Garrido. 2023. State of the Evidence: Algorithmic Transparency. https:\/\/www.opengovpartnership.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/State-of-the-Evidence-Algorithmic-Transparency.pdf. Open Government Partnership (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14288\/1.0437225"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_135_1","volume-title":"AI Ethics Guidelines Global Inventory. https:\/\/algorithmwatch.org\/en\/ai-ethics-guidelines-global-inventory\/. [Accessed","author":"Watch Algorithm","year":"2025","unstructured":"Algorithm Watch. 2025. AI Ethics Guidelines Global Inventory. https:\/\/algorithmwatch.org\/en\/ai-ethics-guidelines-global-inventory\/. [Accessed: Dec 28, 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3461702.3462580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_138_1","volume-title":"Ontological designing. Design philosophy papers 4, 2","author":"Willis Anne-Marie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anne-Marie Willis. 2006. Ontological designing. Design philosophy papers 4, 2 (2006), 69\u201392."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713814"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.01456"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_141_1","volume-title":"Implications of the use of artificial intelligence in public governance: A systematic literature review and a research agenda. Government information quarterly 38, 3","author":"Zuiderwijk Anneke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anneke Zuiderwijk, Yu-Che Chen, and Fadi Salem. 2021. Implications of the use of artificial intelligence in public governance: A systematic literature review and a research agenda. Government information quarterly 38, 3 (2021), 101577."}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '26: The 2026 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Montreal QC Canada","acronym":"FAccT '26","sponsor":["ACM\/SIG"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3805689.3812336","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:01:28Z","timestamp":1782759688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3805689.3812336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":141,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3805689.3812336","10.1145\/3805689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3805689.3812336","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}