{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:48:15Z","timestamp":1782762495402,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":81,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3805689.3812362","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T16:20:39Z","timestamp":1782231639000},"page":"399-422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Red teaming with faith leaders: expanding digital safety and accountability to frontiers of care"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8259-8442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Lutz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HCDE, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, and Microsoft Research, Remond, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8824-6977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. Glen","family":"Weyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, Remond, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2026. Red-Teaming Experts - mpathic AI. https:\/\/mpathic.ai\/red-teaming-experts\/. Accessed: 2026-01-06."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3461702.3462624"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/fev001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"OpenAI's Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.16431","author":"Ahmad Lama","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lama Ahmad, Sandhini Agarwal, Michael Lampe, and Pamela Mishkin. 2025. OpenAI's Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.16431 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Anthropic. 2024. Challenges in Red Teaming AI Systems. Anthropic. https:\/\/www.anthropic.com\/news\/challenges-in-red-teaming-ai-systems Anthropic News."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Azure PyRIT Documentation. 2025. 5: Automating and Evaluating Psychosocial Harms. https:\/\/azure.github.io\/PyRIT\/cookbooks\/5_psychosocial_harms.html. Accessed: 2026-01-11."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12124-013-9229-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445922"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3757492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/26895269.2022.2129597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Encyclopaedia Britannica. [n.d.]. Mufti. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/mufti An Islamic jurist authorized to issue legal opinions (fatwas)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2468356.2468754"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Blake Bullwinkel Amanda Minnich Shiven Chawla Gary Lopez Martin Pouliot Whitney Maxwell Joris de Gruyter Katherine Pratt Saphir Qi Nina Chikanov et al. 2025. Lessons from red teaming 100 generative ai products. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.07238 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Rhitu Chatterjee. 2025. Their Teenage Sons Died by Suicide. Now They Are Sounding an Alarm About AI Chatbots. NPR. https:\/\/www. npr.org\/sections\/shots-health-news\/2025\/09\/19\/nx-s1-5545749\/ai-chatbots-safety-openai-meta-characterai-teens-suicide Accessed 2026-01-13."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"CNN. 2025. Parents Sue OpenAI Claim ChatGPT Encouraged Their Son's Suicide. CNN. https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2025\/11\/06\/us\/openai-chatgpt-suicide-lawsuit-invs-vis Accessed 2026-01-13."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Human Spirituality: Is a Spiritual Chatbot a Good Idea? Theology and Science","author":"Cole-Turner Ron","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ron Cole-Turner. 2025. Artificial Intelligence and Human Spirituality: Is a Spiritual Chatbot a Good Idea? Theology and Science (2025), 1\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-021-09737-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3617694.3623261"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3600211.3604682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaarel\/lfm061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Office of Management and Budget","author":"President Executive Office","year":"2025","unstructured":"Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget. 2025. M-26-04: Increasing Public Trust in Artificial Intelligence Through Unbiased AI Principles. https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/M-26-04-Increasing-Public-Trust-in-Artificial-Intelligence-Through-Unbiased-AI-Principles-1.pdf. Memorandum to Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, Washington, D.C.."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"The White House","author":"President Executive Office","year":"2023","unstructured":"Executive Office of the President, The White House. 2023. Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence. https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2023\/11\/01\/2023-24283\/safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence. Executive Order 14110; Federal Register Document Number 2023-24283, 88 FR 75191."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aies.v7i1.31647"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Students Stress-Test NYC Health Department's AI. Cornell Tech News. https:\/\/tech.cornell.edu\/news\/red-team-clinic-cornell-tech\/ Published on","author":"Fleischman Tom","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tom Fleischman. 2025. \u2018Red Team\u2019 Students Stress-Test NYC Health Department's AI. Cornell Tech News. https:\/\/tech.cornell.edu\/news\/red-team-clinic-cornell-tech\/ Published on December 16, 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Chen","author":"Friedler Sorelle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sorelle Friedler, Ranjit Singh, Borhane Blili-Hamelin, Jacob Metcalf, and Brian J. Chen. 2023. AI Red-Teaming Is Not a One-Stop Solution to AI Harms: Recommendations for Using Red-Teaming for AI Accountability. Data & Society Research Institute Policy Brief. https:\/\/datasociety.net\/library\/ai-red-teaming-is-not-a-one-stop-solution-to-ai-harms-recommendations-for-using-red-teaming-for-ai-accountability\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3593989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Deep Ganguli Liane Lovitt Jackson Kernion Amanda Askell Yuntao Bai Saurav Kadavath Ben Mann Ethan Perez Nicholas Schiefer Kamal Ndousse et al. 2022. Red teaming language models to reduce harms: Methods scaling behaviors and lessons learned. arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.07858 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"AI red-teaming is a sociotechnical challenge: on values, labor, and harms. arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.09751","author":"Gillespie Tarleton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tarleton Gillespie, Ryland Shaw, Mary L Gray, and Jina Suh. 2024. AI red-teaming is a sociotechnical challenge: on values, labor, and harms. arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.09751 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tarleton Gillespie Ryland Shaw Mary L. Gray and Jina Suh. 2025. AI red-teaming is a sociotechnical challenge: on values labor and harms. doi:10.48550\/arXiv:2412.09751 arXiv:2412.09751 [cs].","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv:2412.09751"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"A theology of liberation: History, politics","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez Gustavo","unstructured":"Gustavo Guti\u00e9rrez. 2023. A theology of liberation: History, politics. Orbis Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58094\/fj71-ny11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and brain sciences 33, 2-3","author":"Henrich Joseph","year":"2010","unstructured":"Joseph Henrich, Steven J Heine, and Ara Norenzayan. 2010. The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and brain sciences 33, 2-3 (2010), 61\u201383."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314658"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Andrea Madotto, and Pascale Fung.","author":"Ji Ziwei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ziwei Ji, Nayeon Lee, Rita Frieske, Tiezheng Yu, Dan Su, Yan Xu, Etsuko Ishii, Ye Jin Bang, Andrea Madotto, and Pascale Fung. 2023. Survey of hallucination in natural language generation. ACM computing surveys 55, 12 (2023), 1\u201338."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Miles Klee. 2025. AI-Fueled Spiritual Delusions Are Destroying Human Relationships. Rolling Stone. https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/ culture\/culture-features\/ai-spiritual-delusions-destroying-human-relationships-1235330175\/ Accessed 2025-01-13."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"The place of tikkun olam in American Jewish life","volume":"25","author":"Krasner Jonathan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jonathan Krasner. 2013. The place of tikkun olam in American Jewish life. Jewish Political Studies Review 25, 3\/4 (2013), 59\u201398.","journal-title":"Jewish Political Studies Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2410.02828"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Good Faith Design: Religion as a Resource for Technologists. arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.05819","author":"Lutz Nina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nina Lutz, Benjamin Olsen, Weishung Liu, and E Glen Weyl. 2025. Good Faith Design: Religion as a Resource for Technologists. arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.05819 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Good Faith Design: Religion as a Resource for Technologists. arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.05819","author":"Lutz Nina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nina Lutz, Benjamin Olsen, Weishung Liu, and E Glen Weyl. 2025. Good Faith Design: Religion as a Resource for Technologists. arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.05819 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Scaling Up Mischief: Red-Teaming AI and Distributing Governance. Harvard Data Science Review","author":"Metcalf Jacob","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jacob Metcalf and Ranjit Singh. 2024. Scaling Up Mischief: Red-Teaming AI and Distributing Governance. Harvard Data Science Review (2024). https:\/\/hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu\/pub\/ded4vcwl\/release\/2 Article in Harvard Data Science Review (open access)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/99608f92.ff6335af"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Harm Categories in Azure AI Content Safety. Microsoft Learn. https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/ai-services\/content-safety\/concepts\/harm-categories?tabs=definitions Accessed","author":"Microsoft Corporation","year":"2026","unstructured":"Microsoft Corporation. 2025. Harm Categories in Azure AI Content Safety. Microsoft Learn. https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/ai-services\/content-safety\/concepts\/harm-categories?tabs=definitions Accessed January 2026; documentation on harm categories used by Azure AI Content Safety to flag and rate objectionable content."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Rachael Myrow and Morgan Sung. 2025. AI Prophets and Spiritual Delusions. KQED. https:\/\/www.kqed.org\/news\/12057327\/ai-prophets-and-spiritual-delusions Close All Tabs (podcast episode and article)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73966-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2023. OpenAI Red Teaming Network. OpenAI. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/red-teaming-network\/ OpenAI website \u2014 Red Teaming Network initiative."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Luis Prada. 2025. ChatGPT Is Giving People Extreme Spiritual Delusions. Vice. https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/chatgpt-is-giving-people-extreme-spiritual-delusions\/ Accessed 2026-01-13."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658913"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Nazneen Rajani Nathan Lambert and Lewis Tunstall. 2023. Red-Teaming Large Language Models. Hugging Face Blog. https:\/\/huggingface.co\/blog\/red-teaming"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533158"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3757641"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"The triumph of the therapeutic: Uses of faith after Freud","author":"Rieff Philip","unstructured":"Philip Rieff. 1987. The triumph of the therapeutic: Uses of faith after Freud. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3659030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445896"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022111412267"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470773826"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","volume":"8","author":"Seth Agrima","year":"2025","unstructured":"Agrima Seth, Monojit Choudhury, Sunayana Sitaram, Kentaro Toyama, Aditya Vashistha, and Kalika Bali. 2025. How deep is representational bias in llms? the cases of caste and religion. In Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, Vol. 8. 2319\u20132330."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"Mrinank Sharma Meg Tong Tomasz Korbak David Duvenaud Amanda Askell Samuel R Bowman Newton Cheng Esin Durmus Zac Hatfield-Dodds Scott R Johnston et al. 2023. Towards understanding sycophancy in language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.13548 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3600211.3604673"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.69985\/VVGP4368"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","unstructured":"Ram Shankar Siva Kumar. 2023. Microsoft AI Red Team Building Future of Safer AI. Microsoft. https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/security\/blog\/2023\/08\/07\/microsoft-ai-red-team-building-future-of-safer-ai\/ Microsoft Security Blog."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Petter Bae Brandtzaeg, and Asbj\u00f8rn F\u00f8lstad","author":"Skjuve Marita","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marita Skjuve, Petter Bae Brandtzaeg, and Asbj\u00f8rn F\u00f8lstad. 2024. Why do people use ChatGPT? Exploring user motivations for generative conversational AI. First Monday (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3543893"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3402855"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3757522"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203360453"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732198"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Mental health professionals' perspectives on the relevance of religion and spirituality to mental health care. BMC psychology 11, 1","author":"Vieten Cassandra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cassandra Vieten, Holly K Oxhandler, Michelle Pearce, Nina Fry, Chloe Tanega, and Kenneth Pargament. 2023. Mental health professionals' perspectives on the relevance of religion and spirituality to mental health care. BMC psychology 11, 1 (2023), 439."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","article-title":"Spiritual Conversation with a Companion Machine. Zygon","volume":"59","author":"Watts Fraser","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fraser Watts and Yorick Alexander Wilks. 2024. Spiritual Conversation with a Companion Machine. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 59, 3 (2024).","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08854726.2022.2040895"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"Religion and the World Health Organization: an evolving relationship. BMJ Global Health 6, 4","author":"Winiger Fabian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fabian Winiger and Simon Peng-Keller. 2021. Religion and the World Health Organization: an evolving relationship. BMJ Global Health 6, 4 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3613905.3651058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"Red Team: How to succeed by thinking like the enemy","author":"Zenko Micah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Micah Zenko. 2015. Red Team: How to succeed by thinking like the enemy. Basic Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713453"}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '26: The 2026 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Montreal QC Canada","acronym":"FAccT '26","sponsor":["ACM\/SIG"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3805689.3812362","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:08:49Z","timestamp":1782760129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3805689.3812362"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3805689.3812362","10.1145\/3805689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3805689.3812362","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}