{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:48:44Z","timestamp":1782762524013,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":122,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3805689.3812399","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T16:20:39Z","timestamp":1782231639000},"page":"497-517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Strategic Polysemy in AI Discourse: A Philosophical Analysis of Language, Hype, and Power"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1724-3434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Travis","family":"LaCroix","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Philosophy Department, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom, and Schwartz Reisman Institute for Technology and Society, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9136-3039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fintan","family":"Mallory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philosophy Department, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6238-7050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasha","family":"Luccioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugging Face, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3461702.3462563"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Tanvi Dinkar, Verena Rieser, and Zeerak Talat.","author":"Abercrombie Gavin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gavin Abercrombie, Amanda Cercas Curry, Tanvi Dinkar, Verena Rieser, and Zeerak Talat. 2023. Mirages: On Anthropomorphism in Dialogue Systems. arXiv:2305.09800 [cs.CL] https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.09800"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Turning up the lights on gaslighting. Philosophical perspectives 28","author":"Abramson Kate","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kate Abramson. 2014. Turning up the lights on gaslighting. Philosophical perspectives 28 (2014), 1\u201330."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Andrew Smart, and Abeba Birhane","author":"Andrews Mel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mel Andrews, Andrew Smart, and Abeba Birhane. 2024. The reanimation of pseudoscience in machine learning and its ethical repercussions. Patterns 5, 9 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Agentic Misalignment: How LLMs could be insider threats. Anthropic Jun., 20","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anthropic. 2025. Agentic Misalignment: How LLMs could be insider threats. Anthropic Jun., 20 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjps\/55.2347"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"On the referential capacity of language models: An internalist rejoinder to Mandelkern & Linzen. Computational Linguistics","author":"Baggio Giosu\u00e8","year":"2026","unstructured":"Giosu\u00e8 Baggio and Elliot Murphy. 2026. On the referential capacity of language models: An internalist rejoinder to Mandelkern & Linzen. Computational Linguistics (2026), 1\u201310."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (Cat. No. PR00580)","author":"Baker S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"S. Baker and T. Kanade. 2000. Hallucinating faces. Proceedings Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (Cat. No. PR00580) (2000), 83\u201388."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01622439211030007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445922"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Bender and Alex Hanna","author":"Emily","year":"2025","unstructured":"Emily M. Bender and Alex Hanna. 2025. The AI Con: How to Fight Big Tech's Hype and Create the Future We Want. Penguin."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Looking Inward: Language Models Can Learn About Themselves by Introspection. arXiv Preprint 2410.13787","author":"Binder Felix J.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Felix J. Binder, James Chua, Tomek Korbak, Henry Sleight, John Hughes, Robert Long, Ethan Perez, Miles Turpin, and Owain Evans. 2024. Looking Inward: Language Models Can Learn About Themselves by Introspection. arXiv Preprint 2410.13787 (2024), 1\u201346. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2410.13787."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"turing tests and Chinese rooms: The prospects for meaning in large Language models. Inquiry","author":"Borg Emma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Emma Borg. 2025. LLMs, turing tests and Chinese rooms: The prospects for meaning in large Language models. Inquiry (2025), 1\u201331."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11022.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Yuanzhi Li, Scott Lundberg, Harsha Nori, Hamid Palangi, Marco Tulio Ribeiro, and Yi Zhang.","author":"Bubeck S\u00e9bastien","year":"2023","unstructured":"S\u00e9bastien Bubeck, Varun Chandrasekaran, Ronen Eldan, Johannes Gehrke, Eric Horvitz, Ece Kamar, Peter Lee, Yin Tat Lee, Yuanzhi Li, Scott Lundberg, Harsha Nori, Hamid Palangi, Marco Tulio Ribeiro, and Yi Zhang. 2023. Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4. arXiv 2303.12712 (2023), 1\u2013155. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2303.12712."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"New Work on Speech Acts, Daniel Fogal, Daniel W","author":"Camp Elisabeth","unstructured":"Elisabeth Camp. 2018. Insinuation, Common Ground, and the Conversational Record. In New Work on Speech Acts, Daniel Fogal, Daniel W. Harris, and Matt Moss (Eds.). Oxford University Press, 40\u201366."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Rudolf Carnap. 1950. Logical foundations of probability. (1950)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-long.1259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values","author":"Christian Brian","unstructured":"Brian Christian. 2020. The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values. W. W. Norton & Company, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"The MIT Press","author":"Coeckelbergh Mark","unstructured":"Mark Coeckelbergh. 2020. AI Ethics. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Atlas of AI","author":"Crawford Kate","unstructured":"Kate Crawford. 2021. Atlas of AI. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2371-9621.2021.tb00005.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Who's to Blame When AI Agents Screw Up? WIRED May, 22","author":"Dave Paresh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Paresh Dave. 2025. Who's to Blame When AI Agents Screw Up? WIRED May, 22 (2025). https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/ai-agents-legal-liability-issues\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Google Engineer Claims AI Chatbot Is Sentient: Why That Matters. Scientific American Jul., 12","author":"Cosmo Leonardo De","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leonardo De Cosmo. 2022. Google Engineer Claims AI Chatbot Is Sentient: Why That Matters. Scientific American Jul., 12 (2022). https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/google-engineer-claims-ai-chatbot-is-sentient-why-that-matters\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"DeepSeek-AI Daya Guo Dejian Yang Haowei Zhang Junxiao Song Ruoyu Zhang Runxin Xu Qihao Zhu Shirong Ma Peiyi Wang et al. 2025. DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning. arXiv Preprint 2501.12948 (2025) 1\u201322. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2501.12948."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-018-1732-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/525323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"ChatGPT: these are not hallucinations - they're fabrications and falsifications. Schizophrenia 9","author":"Emsley Robin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robin Emsley. 2023. ChatGPT: these are not hallucinations - they're fabrications and falsifications. Schizophrenia 9 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.4.864"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5206\/fpq\/2022.3\/4.14264"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Polysemy","volume":"157","author":"Falkum Ingrid Lossius","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ingrid Lossius Falkum and Augustin Vincente. 2015. Polysemy: Current Perspectives and Approaches. Lingua 157 (2015), 1\u201316.","journal-title":"Current Perspectives and Approaches. Lingua"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-024-00817-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09539-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"The TESCREAL bundle: Eugenics and the promise of utopia through artificial general intelligence. First Monday 29, 4","author":"Gebru Timnit","year":"2024","unstructured":"Timnit Gebru and \u00c9mile P. Torres. 2024. The TESCREAL bundle: Eugenics and the promise of utopia through artificial general intelligence. First Monday 29, 4 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Gentner","author":"Gentner Dedre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dedre Gentner and Donald R. Gentner. 2014. Flowing waters or teeming crowds: Mental models of electricity. In Mental models. Psychology Press, 99\u2013129."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Deep Hype in Artificial General Intelligence: Uncertainty, Sociotechnical Fictions and the Governance of AI Futures. arXiv Preprint 2508.19749","author":"Gon\u00e7alves Andreu Belsunces","year":"2025","unstructured":"Andreu Belsunces Gon\u00e7alves. 2025. Deep Hype in Artificial General Intelligence: Uncertainty, Sociotechnical Fictions and the Governance of AI Futures. arXiv Preprint 2508.19749 (2025), 1\u201329. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2508.19749."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"What is an AI agent? Google Cloud Dec., 04","year":"2025","unstructured":"Google. 2025. What is an AI agent? Google Cloud Dec., 04 (2025). https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/discover\/what-are-ai-agents."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"The Mismeasure of Man","author":"Gould Stephen Jay","year":"1981","unstructured":"Stephen Jay Gould. 1981. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W. W. Norton, 1981 113 (1981), 45."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JSC.2021.0018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"but Can It Be \u2018Agentic\u2018? The New York Times Sep., 6","author":"Griffith Erin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Erin Griffith. 2024. A.I. Isn't Magic, but Can It Be \u2018Agentic\u2018? The New York Times Sep., 6 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5089827"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Empirical AI Ethics: Reconfiguring Ethics towards a Situated, Plural, and Transformative Approach. arXiv preprint 2509.17727","author":"Helm Paula","year":"2025","unstructured":"Paula Helm and Selin Gerlek. 2025. Empirical AI Ethics: Reconfiguring Ethics towards a Situated, Plural, and Transformative Approach. arXiv preprint 2509.17727 (2025). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2509.17727."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","first-page":"1067","article-title":"Polysemy and the Law","volume":"76","author":"Hemel Daniel J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daniel J Hemel. 2023. Polysemy and the Law. Vand. L. Rev. 76 (2023), 1067.","journal-title":"Vand. L. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence in fiction: between narratives and metaphors. AI & society 38, 1","author":"Hermann Isabella","year":"2023","unstructured":"Isabella Hermann. 2023. Artificial intelligence in fiction: between narratives and metaphors. AI & society 38, 1 (2023), 319\u2013329."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v31i2.14366"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Benna","author":"Ji-An Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li Ji-An, Hua-Dong Xiong, Robert C. Wilson, Marcelo G. Mattar, and Marcus K. Benna. 2025. Language Models Are Capable of Metacognitive Monitoring and Control of Their Internal Activations. 1-36 2505.13763 (2025). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.13763."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks. Andrej Karpathy Blog May, 21","author":"Karpathy Andrej","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andrej Karpathy. 2015. The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks. Andrej Karpathy Blog May, 21 (2015). https:\/\/karpathy.github.io\/2015\/05\/21\/rnn-effectiveness\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"If You're Woke You Dig It. The New York Times May, 20","author":"Kelley William Melvin","year":"1962","unstructured":"William Melvin Kelley. 1962. If You're Woke You Dig It. The New York Times May, 20 (1962), 45. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1962\/05\/20\/archives\/if-youre-woke-you-dig-it-no-mickey-mouse-can-be-expected-to-follow.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-022-01872-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"On Populist Reason","author":"Laclau Ernesto","unstructured":"Ernesto Laclau. 2005. On Populist Reason. Verso."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00134-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"The linguistic dead zone of value-aligned agency, natural and artificial. Philosophical Studies","author":"LaCroix Travis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Travis LaCroix. 2024. The linguistic dead zone of value-aligned agency, natural and artificial. Philosophical Studies (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence and the Value Alignment Problem: A Philosophical Introduction","author":"LaCroix Travis","unstructured":"Travis LaCroix. 2025. Artificial Intelligence and the Value Alignment Problem: A Philosophical Introduction. Broadview Press, Peterborough, ON."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-025-00703-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226470993.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-007-9079-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Marcel Mauss","author":"L\u00e9vi-Strauss Claude","unstructured":"Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss. 1987. Introduction to Marcel Mauss. Routledge, London."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00258436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Not in our genes","author":"Lewontin Richard C","unstructured":"Richard C Lewontin, Steven Rose, and Leon J Kamin. 1984. Not in our genes. Pantheon Books New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"James Lighthill. 1973. Artificial intelligence: a general survey. Technical Report. Science Research Council."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Emergent Introspective Awareness in Large Language Models. Anthropic Oct., 29","author":"Lindsey Jack","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jack Lindsey. 2025. Emergent Introspective Awareness in Large Language Models. Anthropic Oct., 29 (2025). https:\/\/www.anthropic.com\/research\/introspection."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"Michelle Liu. 2025. Polysemy and Philosophy. Philosophy Compass (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"AI Hallucinations: A Misnomer Worth Clarifying. In 2024 IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence (CM). 133\u2013138","author":"Maleki Negar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Negar Maleki, Balaji Padmanabhan, and Kaushik Dutta. 2024. AI Hallucinations: A Misnomer Worth Clarifying. In 2024 IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence (CM). 133\u2013138."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","first-page":"1082","article-title":"Fictionalism about Chatbots. Ergo","volume":"10","author":"Mallory Fintan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fintan Mallory. 2023. Fictionalism about Chatbots. Ergo: An Open Access Journal of Philosophy 10 (2023), 1082\u20131100.","journal-title":"An Open Access Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Communicating with AI: Philosophical Perspectives","author":"Mallory Fintan","unstructured":"Fintan Mallory. Forthcoming. Large Language Models are Stochastic Measuring Devices. In Communicating with AI: Philosophical Perspectives, Herman Cappelen and Rachel Sterken (Eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00522"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Gods and Robots: Myths, Machines, and Ancient Dreams of Technology","author":"Mayor Adrienne","unstructured":"Adrienne Mayor. 2018. Gods and Robots: Myths, Machines, and Ancient Dreams of Technology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","article-title":"\/2006. A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence","volume":"27","author":"McCarthy John","year":"1955","unstructured":"John McCarthy, Marvin L. Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude E. Shannon. 1955\/2006. A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. AI Magazine 27, 4 (1955\/2006), 12\u201314.","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1045339.1045340"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N","author":"McIntyre Alison","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alison McIntyre. 2023. Doctrine of Double Effect. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman (Eds.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/win2023\/entries\/double-effect\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"Is Getting More Powerful, but Its Hallucinations Are Getting Worse. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/05\/05\/technology\/ai-hallucinations-chatgpt-google.html May, 06","author":"Metz Cade","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cade Metz and Karen Weise. 2025. A.I. Is Getting More Powerful, but Its Hallucinations Are Getting Worse. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/05\/05\/technology\/ai-hallucinations-chatgpt-google.html May, 06 (2025). https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/05\/05\/technology\/ai-hallucinations-chatgpt-google.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3492853","article-title":"Studying Up Machine Learning Data: Why Talk About Bias When We Mean Power","volume":"6","author":"Miceli Milagros","year":"2022","unstructured":"Milagros Miceli, Julian Posada, and Tianling Yang. 2022. Studying Up Machine Learning Data: Why Talk About Bias When We Mean Power? Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 6 (2022), 1\u201314.","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mila.12349"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Language models as models of language. arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.07144","author":"Milli\u00e8re Rapha\u00ebl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rapha\u00ebl Milli\u00e8re. 2024. Language models as models of language. arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.07144 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","unstructured":"Eric Mjolsness. 1985. Neural Networks Pattern Recognition and Fingerprint Hallucination. Ph.D. Dissertation. California Institute of Technology."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Reclaiming the Word \u2018Woke","author":"NAACP.","year":"2023","unstructured":"NAACP. 2023. Reclaiming the Word \u2018Woke\u2019 as Part of African American Culture. Resources (2023). https:\/\/naacp.org\/resources\/reclaiming-word-woke-part-african-american-culture."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"What It Can't, and How to Tell the Difference","author":"Narayanan Arvind","unstructured":"Arvind Narayanan and Sayash Kapoor. 2024. AI Snake Oil: What Artificial Intelligence Can Do, What It Can't, and How to Tell the Difference. Princeton University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-2166(99)00132-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","volume-title":"New Navy Device Learns by Doing","author":"Times New York","year":"1958","unstructured":"New York Times. 1958. New Navy Device Learns by Doing; Psychologist Shows Embryo of Computer Designed to Read and Grow Wiser. The New York Times Jul., 08 (1958)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2025.2528052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy","author":"O'Neil Cathy","unstructured":"Cathy O'Neil. 2016. Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. Crown Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, et al.","author":"Josh Achiam AI","year":"2024","unstructured":"OpenAI, Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, et al. 2024. GPT-4 Technical Report. arXiv Preprint 2303.08774 (2024), 1\u2013100. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2303.08774."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_85_1","volume-title":"of How We Label AI's Undesirable Output","author":"Pearson Joshua","year":"2024","unstructured":"Joshua Pearson. 2024. Why \u2018Hallucination\u2018? Examining the History, and Stakes, of How We Label AI's Undesirable Output. Los Angeles Review of Books May, 18 (2024). https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/article\/why-hallucination-examining-the-history-and-stakes-of-how-we-label-ais-undesirable-output\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_86_1","volume-title":"From research to reality. Google Blog May, 20","author":"Pichai Sundar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sundar Pichai. 2025. Google I\/O 2025: From research to reality. Google Blog May, 20 (2025). https:\/\/blog.google\/technology\/ai\/io-2025-keynote\/google-beam."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-024-00419-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/hyp.2020.54"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2011.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16997\/book55.f"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_92_1","volume-title":"The Science and Ideology of Intelligence","author":"Richardson Ken","unstructured":"Ken Richardson. 2017. Genes, Brains, and Human Potential: The Science and Ideology of Intelligence. Columbia University Press, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_93_1","volume-title":"Position: Key Claims in LLM Research Have a Long Tail of Footnotes. arXiv Preprint 2308.07120","author":"Rogers Anna","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anna Rogers and Alexandra Sasha Luccioni. 2024. Position: Key Claims in LLM Research Have a Long Tail of Footnotes. arXiv Preprint 2308.07120 (2024), 1\u201319. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2308.07120."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_94_1","volume-title":"How the word \u2018woke","author":"Rose Steve","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steve Rose. 2020. How the word \u2018woke\u2019 was weaponised by the right. The Guardian Jan., 21 (2020). https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/shortcuts\/2020\/jan\/21\/how-the-word-woke-was-weaponised-by-the-right."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_95_1","volume-title":"Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control","author":"Russell Stuart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stuart Russell. 2019. Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control. Viking, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_96_1","volume-title":"How ChatGPT Changed the Media's Narratives on AI: A Semi-Automated Narrative Analysis Through Frame Semantics. arXiv Preprint 2408.06120","author":"Ryazanov Igor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Igor Ryazanov, Carl \u00d6hman, and Johanna Bj\u00f6rklund. 2024. How ChatGPT Changed the Media's Narratives on AI: A Semi-Automated Narrative Analysis Through Frame Semantics. arXiv Preprint 2408.06120 (2024), 1\u201324. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2408.06120."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_97_1","volume-title":"New Work on Speech Acts, Daniel Fogal, Daniel W","author":"Saul Jennifer","unstructured":"Jennifer Saul. 2018. Dogwhistles, Political Manipulation, and Philosophy of Language. In New Work on Speech Acts, Daniel Fogal, Daniel W. Harris, and Matt Moss (Eds.). Oxford University Press, 360\u2013383."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192871756.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_99_1","volume-title":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 ed.), Edward N","author":"Schlosser Markus","unstructured":"Markus Schlosser. 2019. Agency. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 ed.), Edward N. Zalta (Ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-05-2024-1021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_102_1","volume-title":"Research as Resistance: Recognizing and Reconsidering HCI's Role in Technology Hype Cycles. arXiv Preprint 2504.08336","author":"Sramek Zefan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zefan Sramek and Koji Yatani. 2025. Research as Resistance: Recognizing and Reconsidering HCI's Role in Technology Hype Cycles. arXiv Preprint 2504.08336 (2025), 1\u20139. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2504.08336."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020867916902"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert Stalnaker. 2014. Context. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199645169.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_105_1","volume-title":"Media & Entertainment Law Journal XXXII, 4","author":"Stark Luke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luke Stark and Jevan Hutson. 2022. Physiognomic Artificial Intelligence. Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal XXXII, 4 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/JOA0091-3367400102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_107_1","unstructured":"Peter Frederick Strawson. 1963. Carnap's views on constructed systems versus natural languages in analytic philosophy. In The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap Rudolf Carnap and Paul Arthur Schilpp (Eds.). Open Court 503\u2013518."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_108_1","volume-title":"One Giant Step for a Chess-Playing Machine. The New York Times Dec., 26","author":"Strogatz Steven","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steven Strogatz. 2018. One Giant Step for a Chess-Playing Machine. The New York Times Dec., 26 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231206794"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_110_1","unstructured":"John Irving Tait. 1982. Automatic summarising of English texts. Technical Report. University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. https:\/\/www.cl.cam.ac.uk\/techreports\/UCAM-CL-TR-47.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_111_1","volume-title":"AI Agents Are Actually Making Remote Work More Human \u2014 Here's How I Use Them Every Day. Entrepreneur May, 25","author":"Tank Aytekin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aytekin Tank. 2025. AI Agents Are Actually Making Remote Work More Human \u2014 Here's How I Use Them Every Day. Entrepreneur May, 25 (2025). https:\/\/www.entrepreneur.com\/science-technology\/how-ai-agents-are-making-remote-work-more-cohesive\/490574."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10253866.2011.637752"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222429251314491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2015.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_115_1","unstructured":"Xinlong Wang Xiaosong Zhang Zhengxiong Luo Quan Sun Yufeng Cui Jinsheng Wang Fan Zhang Yueze Wang Zhen Li Qiying Yu et al. 2024. Emu3: Next-Token Prediction is All You Need. arXiv 2409.18869 (2024). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2409.18869."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-019-09506-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_117_1","volume-title":"Chi, Quoc Le, and Denny Zhou","author":"Wei Jason","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Brian Ichter, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc Le, and Denny Zhou. 2023. Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models. arXiv 2201.11903 (2023). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2201.11903."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_118_1","volume-title":"Watching the Generative AI Hype Bubble Deflate. arXiv Preprint 2408.08778","author":"Widder David Gray","year":"2024","unstructured":"David Gray Widder and Mar Hicks. 2024. Watching the Generative AI Hype Bubble Deflate. arXiv Preprint 2408.08778 (2024), 1\u201310. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2408.08778."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/13140-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_120_1","unstructured":"An Yang Anfeng Li Baosong Yang Beichen Zhang Binyuan Hui Bo Zheng Bowen Yu Chang Gao Chengen Huang Chenxu Lv et al. 2025. Qwen3 Technical Report. arXiv 2505.09388 (2025) 1\u201335. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.09388."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_121_1","volume-title":"Anthropic CEO claims AI models hallucinate less than humans. TechCrunch May, 22","author":"Zeff Maxwell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maxwell Zeff. 2025. Anthropic CEO claims AI models hallucinate less than humans. TechCrunch May, 22 (2025). https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2025\/05\/22\/anthropic-ceo-claims-ai-models-hallucinate-less-than-humans\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_122_1","volume-title":"Google's AI agents will bring you the web now. TechCrunch May, 21","author":"Zeff Maxwell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maxwell Zeff. 2025. Google's AI agents will bring you the web now. TechCrunch May, 21 (2025). https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2025\/05\/21\/googles-ai-agents-will-bring-you-the-web-now\/."}],"event":{"name":"FAccT '26: The 2026 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","location":"Montreal QC Canada","acronym":"FAccT '26","sponsor":["ACM\/SIG"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3805689.3812399","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:19:24Z","timestamp":1782760764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3805689.3812399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":122,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3805689.3812399","10.1145\/3805689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3805689.3812399","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}