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The\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">AXECC<\/jats:italic>\n                    framework includes static, dynamic, and accessibility analyses across multiple web pages. We utilise the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">AXECC<\/jats:italic>\n                    framework to analyse the web tracking and accessibility impact in the wild on 21k real-world extensions collected from the Chrome Web Store. In our analysis, we identify that 15.97% of extensions (with more than 600M\u00a0users) perform a type of third\u2013party tracking in the first 60 seconds after loading. These results are highly correlated with the extension category and are consistent across different web pages. Furthermore, we find that a small number of extensions\u00a0(with 65M\u00a0users) alter the accessibility of a web page when browsing, and these alterations are often complex and involve more tracking. Our work reveals a significant privacy risk from web tracking within popular browser extensions, often intertwined with complex accessibility alterations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3805701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T21:10:11Z","timestamp":1774559411000},"page":"1-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AXECC: Benchmarking the Privacy and Accessibility Impact of Browser Extensions"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5876-7207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Clarke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, University of Surrey","place":["Guildford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4223-6885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Mehrnezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Holloway University of London","place":["Egham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5172-2957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Toreini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, University of Surrey","place":["Guildford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"AdGuard\u2019s Base Filter","unstructured":"AdGuard. 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