{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T13:13:42Z","timestamp":1779974022452,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents the first data-driven review of research on the privacy of eye tracking, covering gaze, iris, and eye image data across immersive, mobile, and clinical contexts. The analysis examined 78 papers published between 2015 and 2025 using ensemble topic modeling with non-negative matrix factorization. Nine topics emerged, showing how normative and technical approaches address privacy across different stages of eye tracking data processing. Findings reveal that normative works emphasize inference of identity and personal traits as an unresolved risk, whereas technical studies treat privacy as a computational problem and mitigate risks within specific contexts. However, protections are often constrained by utility requirements, meaning eye tracking data cannot be sufficiently safeguarded without impairing function, leaving enough detail to enable inference. This persistent vulnerability suggests that eye tracking data may warrant regulatory protection comparable to other sensitive categories, requiring stronger governance and safeguards across its collection and use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3806024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T12:44:33Z","timestamp":1779972273000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Data-Driven Review of a Decade of Privacy Research in Eye Tracking ETRA010"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0298-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Levente","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IT University of Copenhagen","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6780-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan Witzner","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Computer Science","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]},{"name":"IT University of Copenhagen","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715669.3726788"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB54206.2022.10007997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3242969.3243008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noora Alsakar Yasmeen Abdrabou Simone Stumpf and Mohamed Khamis. 2023. Investigating Privacy Perceptions and Subjective Acceptance of Eye Tracking on Handheld Mobile Devices. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 7 ETRA (May 2023) 16\u00a0pages. doi:10.1145\/3591133","DOI":"10.1145\/3591133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noora Alsakar Norah Alotaibi Mohamed Khamis and Simone Stumpf. 2025. Assessing and Mitigating the Privacy Implications of Eye Tracking on Handheld Mobile Devices. ACM Trans. Priv. Secur. 28 3 (Aug. 2025) 36\u00a0pages. doi:10.1145\/3746452","DOI":"10.1145\/3746452"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shalani Athukorala and Wathsala Mohotti. 2022. An Effective Short-Text Topic Modelling with Neighbourhood Assistance-Driven NMF in Twitter. Social Network Analysis and Mining 12 1 (2022) 89. doi:10.1007\/s13278-022-00898-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-022-00898-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB57857.2023.10449083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR59515.2025.00046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samantha Aziz and Oleg Komogortsev. 2025b. Privacy Enhancement for Gaze Data Using a Noise-Infused Autoencoder. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2508.10918.","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB65343.2025.11411516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACVW60836.2024.00117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mauro Barni Ruggero\u00a0Donida Labati Angelo Genovese Vincenzo Piuri and Fabio Scotti. 2021. Iris Deidentification With High Visual Realism for Privacy Protection on Websites and Social Networks. IEEE Access 9 (2021) 131995\u2013132010. doi:10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3114588","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3114588"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mark Belford and Derek Greene. 2020. Ensemble topic modeling using weighted term co-associations. Expert Systems with Applications 161 (2020) 113709. doi:10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113709"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"CEUR Workshop Proceedings","author":"Belford Mark","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mark Belford, Brian MacNamee, and Derek Greene. 2016. Ensemble Topic Modeling via Matrix Factorization. In CEUR Workshop Proceedings , Vol.\u00a01751. 24th Irish Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science (AICS\u201916), Dublin, Ireland, 1\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carmen Bisogni Michele Nappi Genoveffa Tortora and Alberto Del Bimbo. 2024. Gaze analysis: A survey on its applications. Image and Vision Computing 144 (2024) 104961. doi:10.1016\/j.imavis.2024.104961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2024.104961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","unstructured":"Remco Bloemen Bryan Gillespie Daniel Kales Philipp Sippl and Roman Walch. 2024. Large-Scale MPC: Scaling Private Iris Code Uniqueness Checks to Millions of Users. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2405.04463."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Boutsidis and E. Gallopoulos. 2008. SVD based initialization: A head start for nonnegative matrix factorization. Pattern Recognition 41 4 (2008) 1350\u20131362. doi:10.1016\/j.patcog.2007.09.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2007.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aidan Boyd Zhaoyuan Fang Adam Czajka and Kevin\u00a0W. Bowyer. 2020. Iris presentation attack detection: Where are we now? Pattern Recognition Letters 138 (Oct. 2020) 483\u2013489. doi:10.1016\/j.patrec.2020.08.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2020.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efe Bozkir Babette B\u00fchler Xiaoyuan Wu Enkelejda Kasneci Lujo Bauer and Lorrie\u00a0Faith Cranor. 2025a. The Impact of Device Type Data Practices and Use Case Scenarios on Privacy Concerns about Eye-tracked Augmented Reality in the United States and Germany. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2509.09285.","DOI":"10.1093\/cybsec\/tyaf036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Efe Bozkir Onur G\u00fcnl\u00fc Wolfgang Fuhl Rafael\u00a0F. Schaefer and Enkelejda Kasneci. 2021. Differential privacy for eye tracking with temporal correlations. PloS one 16 8 (2021) e0255979. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0255979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efe Bozkir S\u00fcleyman \u00d6zdel Mengdi Wang Brendan David-John Hong Gao Kevin Butler Eakta Jain and Enkelejda Kasneci. 2025b. Eye-tracked Virtual Reality: A Comprehensive Survey on Methods and Privacy Challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2305.14080.","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2026.3653661"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3379156.3391364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syed Ibrahim Mustafa\u00a0Shah Bukhari Maha Sajid Bo Ji and Brendan David-John. 2025. Rethinking Privacy Indicators in Extended Reality: Multimodal Design for Situationally Impaired Bystanders. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2508.07057.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct68609.2025.00059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AIxVR59861.2024.00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100705-1.00009-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3379156.3391375"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xieling Chen Haoran Xie Xiaohui Tao Lingling Xu Jingjing Wang Hong-Ning Dai and Fu\u00a0Lee Wang. 2024. A topic modeling-based bibliometric exploration of automatic summarization research. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 14 5 (2024) e1540. doi:10.1002\/widm.1540","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1540"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW.2016.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matthew Corbett Brendan David-John Jiacheng Shang and Bo Ji. 2024. ShouldAR: Detecting Shoulder Surfing Attacks Using Multimodal Eye Tracking and Augmented Reality. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 8 3 (Sept. 2024) 23\u00a0pages. doi:10.1145\/3678573","DOI":"10.1145\/3678573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3517031.3529618"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brendan David-John Kevin Butler and Eakta Jain. 2023. Privacy-preserving datasets of eye-tracking samples with applications in XR. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 29 5 (2023) 2774\u20132784. doi:10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3247048","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3247048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brendan David-John Diane Hosfelt Kevin Butler and Eakta Jain. 2021. A privacy-preserving approach to streaming eye-tracking data. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 27 5 (May 2021) 2555\u20132565. doi:10.1109\/tvcg.2021.3067787","DOI":"10.1109\/tvcg.2021.3067787"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adji\u00a0B. Dieng Francisco J.\u00a0R. Ruiz and David\u00a0M. Blei. 2020. Topic Modeling in Embedding Spaces. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 8 (2020) 439\u2013453. doi:10.1162\/tacl_a_00325","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lingyu Du Jinyuan Jia Xucong Zhang and Guohao Lan. 2024. PrivateGaze: Preserving User Privacy in Black-box Mobile Gaze Tracking Services. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 8 3 (Sept. 2024) 1 \u2013 28. doi:10.1145\/3678595","DOI":"10.1145\/3678595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715014.3722071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rudresh Dwivedi Somnath Dey Ramveer Singh and Aditya Prasad. 2017. A privacy-preserving cancelable iris template generation scheme using decimal encoding and look-up table mapping. Computers & Security 65 (March 2017) 373\u2013386. doi:10.1016\/j.cose.2016.10.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2016.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11787006_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cynthia Dwork and Moni Naor. 2010. On the Difficulties of Disclosure Prevention in Statistical Databases or The Case for Differential Privacy. Journal of Privacy and Confidentiality 2 1 (Sep. 2010). doi:10.29012\/jpc.v2i1.585","DOI":"10.29012\/jpc.v2i1.585"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cynthia Dwork and Aaron Roth. 2014. The Algorithmic Foundations of Differential Privacy. Found. Trends Theor. Comput. Sci. 9 3\u20134 (Aug. 2014) 211\u2013407. doi:10.1561\/0400000042","DOI":"10.1561\/0400000042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mayar Elfares Pascal Reisert Zhiming Hu Wenwu Tang Ralf K\u00fcsters and Andreas Bulling. 2024. PrivatEyes: Appearance-based Gaze Estimation Using Federated Secure Multi-Party Computation. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 8 ETRA (May 2024) 23\u00a0pages. doi:10.1145\/3655606","DOI":"10.1145\/3655606"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","unstructured":"Mayar Elfares Pascal Reisert Ralf K\u00fcsters and Andreas Bulling. 2025. QualitEye: Public and Privacy-preserving Gaze Data Quality Verification. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2506.05908."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448017.3457385"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","volume-title":"Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council","author":"Parliament European","year":"2016","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2016. Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council. https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2016\/679\/oj"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP48485.2024.10446696"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86380-7_48"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR62088.2024.00054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","unstructured":"Nicolas Gillis. 2014. The Why and How of Nonnegative Matrix Factorization. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1401.5226."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44848-9_32"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C\u00e9line Gressel Rebekah Overdorf Inken Hagenstedt Murat Karaboga Helmut Lurtz Michael Raschke and Andreas Bulling. 2023. Privacy-Aware Eye Tracking: Challenges and Future Directions. IEEE Pervasive Computing 22 1 (Jan. 2023) 95\u2013102. doi:10.1109\/MPRV.2022.3228660","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2022.3228660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW56347.2022.00552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Exploring Potentially Abusive Ethical, Social and Political Implications of Mixed Reality Research in HCI, CHI\u201920 Extended Abstracts","author":"G\u00f6bel Fabian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fabian G\u00f6bel, Kuno Kurzhals, Martin Raubal, and Victor\u00a0R. Schinazi. 2020. Gaze-Aware Mixed-Reality: Addressing Privacy Issues with Eye Tracking. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Exploring Potentially Abusive Ethical, Social and Political Implications of Mixed Reality Research in HCI, CHI\u201920 Extended Abstracts. Institute of Cartography and Geoinformation, ETH Zurich, Honolulu, HI, USA, 6\u00a0pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3714393.3726497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simon Hanisch Patricia Arias-Cabarcos Javier Parra-Arnau and Thorsten Strufe. 2025. Anonymization Techniques for Behavioral Biometric Data: A Survey. 54\u00a0pages. doi:10.1145\/3729418","DOI":"10.1145\/3729418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"John\u00a0M. Henderson Svetlana\u00a0V. Shinkareva Jing Wang Steven\u00a0G. Luke and Jenn Olejarczyk. 2013. Predicting Cognitive State from Eye Movements. PLOS ONE 8 5 (2013) e64937. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0064937","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2020408.2020577"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hongsheng Hu Zoran Salcic Lichao Sun Gillian Dobbie Philip\u00a0S. Yu and Xuyun Zhang. 2022. Membership Inference Attacks on Machine Learning: A Survey. ACM Comput. Surv. 54 11s Article 235 (Sept. 2022) 37\u00a0pages. doi:10.1145\/3523273","DOI":"10.1145\/3523273"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","unstructured":"Azim Ibragimov Ethan Wilson Kevin R.\u00a0B. Butler and Eakta Jain. 2025. Toward Practical Privacy in XR: Empirical Analysis of Multimodal Anonymization Mechanisms. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2506.13882."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ismat Jarin Yu Duan Rahmadi Trimananda Hao Cui Salma Elmalaki and Athina Markopoulou. 2025. BehaVR: User Identification Based on VR Sensor Data. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium (PoPETs) 2025 1 (2025) 399\u2013419. doi:10.56553\/popets-2025-0022","DOI":"10.56553\/popets-2025-0022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brendan John Sophie J\u00f6rg Sanjeev Koppal and Eakta Jain. 2020a. The Security-Utility Trade-off for Iris Authentication and Eye Animation for Social Virtual Avatars. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 26 5 (2020) 1880\u20131890. doi:10.1109\/TVCG.2020.2973052","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2020.2973052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3314111.3319816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3379157.3390512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376840"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muhammad\u00a0Qasim Khan and Sukhan Lee. 2019. Gaze and Eye Tracking: Techniques and Applications in ADAS. Sensors (Basel) 19 24 (2019) 5540. doi:10.3390\/s19245540","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245540"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nabila Khodeir and Fatma Elghannam. 2025. Efficient Topic Identification for Urgent MOOC Forum Posts Using BERTopic and Traditional Topic Modeling Techniques. Education and Information Technologies 30 5 (2025) 5501\u20135527. doi:10.1007\/s10639-024-13003-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13003-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","unstructured":"Richard Koch. 2023. What Are You Looking At? Emerging Privacy Concerns with Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality. Colorado Technology Law Journal 21 1 (Aug. 2023) 109\u2013140. https:\/\/ctlj.colorado.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/FINAL-4-Koch-6.17.23-AK-Postreview-3.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715669.3727352"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-42504-3_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3588015.3589842"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuno Kurzhals. 2024. Anonymizing eye-tracking stimuli with stable diffusion. Computers & Graphics 119 (April 2024) 103898. doi:10.1016\/j.cag.2024.103898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2024.103898"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daniel\u00a0D. Lee and H.\u00a0Sebastian Seung. 1999. Learning the Parts of Objects by Non-Negative Matrix Factorization. Nature 401 6755 (1999) 788\u2013791. doi:10.1038\/44565","DOI":"10.1038\/44565"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Lei Yu Lili Wang Bin and Bian Xingchao. 2019. A Novel Privacy Protection Scheme for Iris Identification. Wireless Personal Communications 109 4 (Dec. 2019) 2411\u20132425. doi:10.1007\/s11277-019-06688-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06688-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_1","first-page":"1793","volume-title":"30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 21)","author":"Li Jingjie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jingjie Li, Amrita\u00a0Roy Chowdhury, Kassem Fawaz, and Younghyun Kim. 2021. Kaleido: Real-Time Privacy Control for Eye-Tracking Systems. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 21). USENIX Association, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 1793\u20131810. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/usenixsecurity21\/presentation\/li-jingjie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sheng Li Xin Chen Zichi Wang Zhenxing Qian and Xinpeng Zhang. 2018. Data Hiding in Iris Image for Privacy Protection. IETE Technical Review 35 sup1 (2018) 34\u201341. doi:10.1080\/02564602.2018.1520153","DOI":"10.1080\/02564602.2018.1520153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIN63213.2024.10871371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3314111.3319823"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dillon Lohr Henry Griffith and Oleg\u00a0V. Komogortsev. 2022. Eye Know You: Metric Learning for End-to-End Biometric Authentication Using Eye Movements From a Longitudinal Dataset. IEEE Transactions on Biometrics Behavior and Identity Science 4 2 (2022) 276\u2013288. doi:10.1109\/TBIOM.2022.3167633","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2022.3167633"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dillon Lohr and Oleg\u00a0V. Komogortsev. 2022. Eye Know You Too: Toward Viable End-to-End Eye Movement Biometrics for User Authentication. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 17 (2022) 3151\u20133164. doi:10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3201369","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3201369"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3588015.3590109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM48880.2022.9796665"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIPROCESS.2017.8124555"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alfredo Madrid-Garc\u00eda Dalifer Freites-N\u00fa\u00f1ez Beatriz Merino-Barbancho In\u00e9s\u00a0P\u00e9rez Sancristobal and Luis Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez. 2024. Mapping Two Decades of Research in Rheumatology-Specific Journals: A Topic Modeling Analysis with BERTopic. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease 16 (2024) 1759720X241308037. doi:10.1177\/1759720X241308037","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X241308037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Natalia Men\u00e9ndez\u00a0Gonz\u00e1lez and Efe Bozkir. 2024. Eye-Tracking Devices for Virtual and Augmented Reality Metaverse Environments and Their Compatibility with the European Union General Data Protection Regulation. Digital Society 3 2 (July 2024) 39. doi:10.1007\/s44206-024-00128-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s44206-024-00128-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15439\/2024F1593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB62174.2024.10744455"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdelbaseer\u00a0A. Mohamed. 2025. Using BERTopic modelling to map the evolution of space syntax research. Land Use Policy 157 (2025) 107639. doi:10.1016\/j.landusepol.2025.107639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2025.107639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahesh\u00a0Kumar Morampudi Nagamani Gonthina Sriramulu Bojjagani Neeraj\u00a0Kumar Sharma and Duggineni Veeraiah. 2024. Reliable and privacy-preserving multi-instance iris verification using Paillier homomorphic encryption and one-digit checksum. Signal Image and Video Processing 18 4 (June 2024) 3723\u20133735. doi:10.1007\/s11760-024-03036-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-024-03036-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahesh\u00a0Kumar Morampudi Munaga V. N.\u00a0K. Prasad and U.\u00a0S.\u00a0N. Raju. 2020. Privacy-preserving iris authentication using fully homomorphic encryption. Multimedia Tools and Applications 79 27 (July 2020) 19215\u201319237. doi:10.1007\/s11042-020-08680-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-08680-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahesh\u00a0Kumar Morampudi Munaga V. N.\u00a0K. Prasad and U.\u00a0S.\u00a0N. Raju. 2021. Privacy-preserving and verifiable multi-instance iris remote authentication using public auditor. Applied Intelligence 51 10 (Oct. 2021) 6823\u20136836. doi:10.1007\/s10489-021-02187-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-021-02187-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3649902.3653341"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nissi Otoo Kailon Blue G.\u00a0Nikki Ramirez Evan Selinger Shaun Foster and Brendan David-John. 2025. Visceral Notices and Privacy Mechanisms for Eye Tracking in Augmented Reality. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 31 11 (2025) 9750\u20139760. doi:10.1109\/TVCG.2025.3616837","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2025.3616837"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matthew\u00a0J Page Joanne\u00a0E McKenzie Patrick\u00a0M Bossuyt Isabelle Boutron Tammy\u00a0C Hoffmann Cynthia\u00a0D Mulrow Larissa Shamseer Jennifer\u00a0M Tetzlaff Elie\u00a0A Akl Sue\u00a0E Brennan Roger Chou Julie Glanville Jeremy\u00a0M Grimshaw Asbj\u00f8rn Hr\u00f3bjartsson Manoj\u00a0M Lalu Tianjing Li Elizabeth\u00a0W Loder Evan Mayo-Wilson Steve McDonald Luke\u00a0A McGuinness Lesley\u00a0A Stewart James Thomas Andrea\u00a0C Tricco Vivian\u00a0A Welch Penny Whiting and David Moher. 2021. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372 (2021) 1\u201354\u00a0pages. doi:10.1136\/bmj.n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13039-2_16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3711875.3734567"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jipeng Qiang Zhenyu Qian Yun Li Yunhao Yuan and Xindong Wu. 2022. Short Text Topic Modeling Techniques Applications and Performance: A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge & Data Engineering 34 03 (March 2022) 1427\u20131445. doi:10.1109\/TKDE.2020.2992485","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2020.2992485"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_1","unstructured":"Vijay Rajanna and Tracy\u00a0Anne Hammond. 2018. Gaze-Assisted User Authentication to Counter Shoulder-Surfing Attacks. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1803.07782."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3649902.3653353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiaojun Ren Jiluan Fan Ning Xu Shaowei Wang Changyu Dong and Zikai Wen. 2024. DPGazeSynth: Enhancing eye-tracking virtual reality privacy with differentially private data synthesis. Information Sciences 675 (July 2024) 120720. doi:10.1016\/j.ins.2024.120720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2024.120720"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2684822.2685324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joshua Rumbut Hua Fang and Honggong Wang. 2020. Topic modeling for systematic review of visual analytics in incomplete longitudinal behavioral trial data. Smart Health 18 (2020) 100142. doi:10.1016\/j.smhl.2020.100142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhl.2020.100142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOSIG61931.2024.10786750"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Evan Selinger Ely Altman and Shaun Foster. 2023. Eye-Tracking in Virtual Reality: A Visceral Notice Approach for Protecting Privacy. Privacy Studies Journal 2 (March 2023) 1\u201334. doi:10.7146\/psj.v2i.134656","DOI":"10.7146\/psj.v2i.134656"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salman Seyedi Zifan Jiang Allan Levey and Gari Clifford. 2022. An investigation of privacy preservation in deep learning-based eye-tracking. BioMedical Engineering OnLine 21 (Sept. 2022) 13\u00a0pages. doi:10.1186\/s12938-022-01035-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-022-01035-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_1","volume-title":"Understanding Privacy","author":"Solove Daniel\u00a0J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Daniel\u00a0J. Solove. 2008. Understanding Privacy. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. GWU Legal Studies Research Paper No. 420; GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 420."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-2390-4_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. Sposini. 2024. Neuromarketing and Eye-Tracking Technologies Under the European Framework: Towards the GDPR and Beyond. Journal of Consumer Policy 47 (Jan. 2024) 1\u201324. doi:10.1007\/s10603-023-09559-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10603-023-09559-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3314111.3319915"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3314111.3319913"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Latanya Sweeney. 2002. k-anonymity: a model for protecting privacy. Int. J. Uncertain. Fuzziness Knowl.-Based Syst. 10 5 (Oct. 2002) 557\u2013570. doi:10.1142\/S0218488502001648","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218488502001648"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB54206.2022.10007948"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ike Vayansky and Sathish\u00a0A.P. Kumar. 2020. A review of topic modeling methods. Information Systems 94 (2020) 101582. doi:10.1016\/j.is.2020.101582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2020.101582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_1","series-title":"(NIPS\u201909)","first-page":"1973","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Wallach Hanna\u00a0M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hanna\u00a0M. Wallach, David Mimno, and Andrew McCallum. 2009. Rethinking LDA: why priors matter. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) (NIPS\u201909). Curran Associates Inc., Red Hook, NY, USA, 1973\u20131981."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3658644.3690285"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mengdi Wang Efe Bozkir and Enkelejda Kasneci. 2025a. Iris Style Transfer: Enhancing Iris Recognition with Style Features and Privacy Preservation through Neural Style Transfer. Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 8 2 (May 2025) 1\u201321. doi:10.1145\/3729413","DOI":"10.1145\/3729413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSP65409.2025.11074919"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wiraj\u00a0Udara Wickramaarachchi Dongdong Zhao Junwei Zhou and Jianwen Xiang. 2024a. An effective iris biometric privacy protection scheme with renewability. Journal of Information Security and Applications 80 (Feb. 2024) 103684. doi:10.1016\/j.jisa.2023.103684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2023.103684"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TrustCom63139.2024.00295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ethan Wilson Azim Ibragimov Michael\u00a0J. Proulx Sai\u00a0Deep Tetali Kevin Butler and Eakta Jain. 2024. Privacy-Preserving Gaze Data Streaming in Immersive Interactive Virtual Reality: Robustness and User Experience. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 30 5 (May 2024) 2257\u20132268. doi:10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3372032","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3372032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWQoS61813.2024.10682864"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC51071.2022.9771832"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/I-SPAN.2018.00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yishuo Zhao Xurui Song Xinger Huang Shujie Tian and Yuanfeng Zhou. 2025. EV-GazeLock: A User Authentication System Based on Micro Eye Movement with Event Cameras. doi:10.1145\/3719010","DOI":"10.1145\/3719010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S\u00fcleyman \u00d6zdel Efe Bozkir and Enkelejda Kasneci. 2024. Privacy-preserving Scanpath Comparison for Pervasive Eye Tracking. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 8 (05 2024) 1\u201328. doi:10.1145\/3655605","DOI":"10.1145\/3655605"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3806024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T13:00:25Z","timestamp":1779973225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3806024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3806024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3806024","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}