{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T10:32:11Z","timestamp":1777285931123,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"11","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/S022937\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S022937\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Comput. Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Children\u2019s daily use of the Internet exposes them to various online harms, which constitutes any online material or interactions that negatively impacts a child\u2019s well-being. Parental controls and monitoring are often insufficient to mitigate these risks, and children without parental support are especially vulnerable. Consequently, there is motivation for developing automatic systems capable of detecting these risks. To create effective detection mechanisms requires suitable datasets, both to train machine learning systems and to evaluate their real-world effectiveness. To that end, this article employs a narrative review methodology to examine the availability and suitability of resources across four types of online risks posed to children: online grooming, cyberbullying, mental health, and extremism, radicalisation, and hate speech. Importantly, this article highlights a stark lack of data pertaining to children for these detection tasks, identifying a clear research gap. Additionally, we highlight important considerations for determining whether a resource is suitable for the detection task at hand and outline the limitations of currently available resources. By highlighting the deficiencies in both the availability and suitability of resources, our article calls for further research and development to bridge these gaps, offering actionable steps to advance the field and to ultimately ensure children\u2019s safety online.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3806384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:09:02Z","timestamp":1775041742000},"page":"1-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Missing Resources for Child Online Risk Detection"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4414-1134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellie","family":"Prosser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactive AI CDT, University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8995-7017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Peersman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8099-0646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Tweets Targeting ISIS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Activegalaxy. 2016. Tweets Targeting ISIS. Retrieved November 13, 2023 from https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/activegalaxy\/isis-related-tweets"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpbup.2022.100076"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.05.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4794227"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3132651"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3064178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Child sexual abuse and the internet\u2014A systematic review","author":"Ali Sana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sana Ali, Hiba Abou Haykal, and Enaam Youssef Mohammed Youssef. 2021. Child sexual abuse and the internet\u2014A systematic review. Human Arenas 6 (2021), 1\u201318.","journal-title":"Human Arenas"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579608"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13064044"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","volume-title":"Dota 2 Matches","author":"Anzelmo Devin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Devin Anzelmo. 2017. Dota 2 Matches. Retrieved November 13, 2023 from https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/devinanzelmo\/dota-2-matches\/discussion"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EISIC.2015.27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EISIC.2015.41"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","volume-title":"ADHD and mental health","author":"Aware ADHD","year":"2024","unstructured":"ADHD Aware. 2024. ADHD and mental health. Retrieved October 29, 2024 from https:\/\/adhdaware.org.uk\/what-is-adhd\/adhd-and-mental-health\/#:~:text=Despite%20being%20classified%20as%20a,you%20have%20poor%20mental%20health."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","volume-title":"Datasets for Hate Speech Detection","year":"2023","unstructured":"aymeam. 2023. Datasets for Hate Speech Detection. Retrieved November 13, 2023 from https:\/\/github.com\/aymeam\/Datasets-for-Hate-Speech-Detection"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","volume-title":"Mental Health Statistics: Prevalence, Services and Funding in England","author":"Baker Carl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carl Baker and Esme Kirk-Wade. 2024. Mental Health Statistics: Prevalence, Services and Funding in England. Retrieved October 29, 2024 from https:\/\/researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk\/documents\/SN06988\/SN06988.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S19-2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adrian Benton Margaret Mitchell and Dirk Hovy. 2017. Multitask learning for mental health conditions with limited social media data. In Proceedings of Conference 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL\u201917). Association for Computational Linguistics.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/E17-1015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","article-title":"The ISIS Twitter Census: Defining and Describing the Population of ISIS Supporters on Twitter","author":"Berger Jonathon M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jonathon M. Berger and Jonathon Morgan. 2015. The ISIS Twitter Census: Defining and Describing the Population of ISIS Supporters on Twitter. Brookings Institution.","journal-title":"Brookings Institution"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM.2009.31"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"Shiladitya Bhattacharya Siddharth Singh Ritesh Kumar Akanksha Bansal Akash Bhagat Yogesh Dawer Bornini Lahiri and Atul Kr Ojha. 2020. Developing a multilingual annotated corpus of misogyny and aggression. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Trolling Aggression and Cyberbullying. European Language Resources Association (ELRA) 158\u2013168."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2013.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","volume-title":"Internet safety","author":"Bombusa Ghislaine","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghislaine Bombusa. 2022. Internet safety. Retrieved August 27, 2024 from https:\/\/help-for-early-years-providers.education.gov.uk\/safeguarding-and-welfare\/internet-safety"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","volume-title":"Online Grooming Detection on Social Media Platforms","author":"Borj Parisa Rezaee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parisa Rezaee Borj. 2023. Online Grooming Detection on Social Media Platforms. Ph. D. Dissertation. NTNU."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOSIG52210.2021.9548303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"110039","article-title":"Online grooming detection: A comprehensive survey of child exploitation in chat logs","author":"Borj Parisa Rezaee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parisa Rezaee Borj, Kiran Raja, and Patrick Bours. 2022. Online grooming detection: A comprehensive survey of child exploitation in chat logs. Knowledge-Based Systems 259 (2022), 110039.","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19169960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","volume-title":"Evidence Review on Online Risks to Children","author":"Bryce Dr Jo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dr Jo Bryce, Professor Sonia Livingstone, Professor Julia Davidson, Beth Hall, and Jodie Smith. 2023. Evidence Review on Online Risks to Children. Retrieved June 14, 2025 from https:\/\/learning.nspcc.org.uk\/media\/ezjg0pjb\/online-risks-children-evidence-review-main-report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12928\/telkomnika.v17i4.12619"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/12554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324916000395"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","first-page":"103","article-title":"Online grooming: Moves and strategies","volume":"4","author":"Carmody Emily","year":"2017","unstructured":"Emily Carmody and Timothy D. Grant. 2017. Online grooming: Moves and strategies. Language and Law\/Linguagem e Direito 4, 1 (2017), 103\u2013141.","journal-title":"Language and Law\/Linguagem e Direito"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bld.12372"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","volume-title":"Co-designing Community Resilience to Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse Victimisation","author":"Centre Vulnerability & Policing Futures Research","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vulnerability & Policing Futures Research Centre. 2024. Co-designing Community Resilience to Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse Victimisation. Retrieved November 4, 2024 from https:\/\/vulnerabilitypolicing.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/133\/2024\/09\/0002859-VPRC-Co-designing-community-Report-A4-DIGITAL-AW-300824.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","unstructured":"Srisakdi Charmonman and Praphuet Punjamanu. 1995. Net nanny as a solution for playboy and penthouse. International Journal of Computer and Engineering Management 3 2 (1995) 27\u201340."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1622407.1622416"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCIAIG.2015.2424932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/amy007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","unstructured":"Arman Cohan Bart Desmet Andrew Yates Luca Soldaini Sean MacAvaney and Nazli Goharian. 2018. SMHD: A large-scale resource for exploring online language usage for multiple mental health conditions. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics 1485\u20131497."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-3207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W15-1201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W15-1204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v8i1.14574"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","volume-title":"Joint Statistics Meetings Proceedings, Statistical Computing Section, JSM","volume":"110","author":"Coppersmith Glen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Glen Coppersmith, Ryan Leary, Eric Whyne, and Tony Wood. 2015. Quantifying suicidal ideation via language usage on social media. In Joint Statistics Meetings Proceedings, Statistical Computing Section, JSM, Vol. 110."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","unstructured":"Denzil Correa and Ashish Sureka. 2013. Solutions to detect and analyze online radicalization: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.4916 (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","volume-title":"Grooming for Violence: Similarities Between Radicalisation and Grooming Processes in Gaming Spaces","author":"Kilmer Elizabeth D.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elizabeth D. Kilmer and Rachel Kowert. 2024. Grooming for Violence: Similarities Between Radicalisation and Grooming Processes in Gaming Spaces. Retrieved November 8, 2024 from https:\/\/gnet-research.org\/2024\/02\/08\/grooming-for-violence-similarities-between-radicalisation-and-grooming-processes-in-gaming-spaces\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14955"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998220"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ona De Gibert Naiara Perez Aitor Garc\u00eda-Pablos and Montse Cuadros. 2018. Hate speech dataset from a white supremacy forum. In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Abusive Language Online (ALW2). Association for Computational Linguistics 11\u201320.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13647-9_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","volume":"5","author":"Dinakar Karthik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karthik Dinakar, Roi Reichart, and Henry Lieberman. 2011. Modeling the detection of textual cyberbullying. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 5 (2011), 11\u201317."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","volume-title":"Online Bullying in England and Wales: Year Ending March 2020","author":"Statistics Office for National","year":"2020","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. 2020. Online Bullying in England and Wales: Year Ending March 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2023 from https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/bulletins\/onlinebullyinginenglandandwales\/yearendingmarch2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSC.2007.55"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammad Fraiwan. 2022. Identification of markers and artificial intelligence-based classification of radical Twitter data. Applied Computing and Informatics 21 3\u20134 (2022) 304\u2013316.","DOI":"10.1108\/ACI-12-2021-0326"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3068313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A bibliometric analysis of online extremism detection","author":"Gaikwad Mayur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mayur Gaikwad, Swati Ahirrao, Shraddha Pankaj Phansalkar, and Ketan Kotecha. 2020. A bibliometric analysis of online extremism detection. Library Philosophy and Practice 4408 (2020), 1\u201316.","journal-title":"Library Philosophy and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Digital radicalization of youth","volume":"3","author":"Geeraerts Sanne B.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sanne B. Geeraerts. 2012. Digital radicalization of youth. Social Cosmos 3, 1 (2012), 25\u201332.","journal-title":"Social Cosmos"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOSC.2019.8665535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarod Govers Philip Feldman Aaron Dant and Panos Patros. 2023. Down the rabbit hole: Detecting online extremism radicalisation and politicised hate speech. Comput. Surveys 55 14s (2023) 1\u201335.","DOI":"10.1145\/3583067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","unstructured":"Aditi Gupta Ponnurangam Kumaraguru and Ashish Sureka. 2012. Characterizing pedophile conversations on the internet using online grooming. arXiv preprint arXiv:1208.4324 (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITNG.2008.50"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","volume-title":"Safeguarding Children and Young People Against Radicalisation and Violent Extremism","author":"Wight Portsmouth Hampshire, Isle of","year":"2025","unstructured":"Portsmouth Hampshire, Isle of Wight and Southampton (HIPS) Procedures. 2025. Safeguarding Children and Young People Against Radicalisation and Violent Extremism. Retrieved July 12, 2025 from https:\/\/hipsprocedures.org.uk\/qkyylh\/children-in-specific-circumstances\/safeguarding-children-and-young-people-against-radicalisation-and-violent-extremism#::text=or%20ideological%20cause.-,'Radicalisation'%20refers%20to%20the%20process%20by%20which%20a%20person%20comes,committed%20in%20relation%20to%20terrorism"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","first-page":"367","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children","author":"Hartikainen Heidi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heidi Hartikainen, Netta Iivari, and Marianne Kinnula. 2016. Should we design for control, trust or involvement? A discourses survey about children\u2019s online safety. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. 367\u2013378."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","volume-title":"IRC Logs","author":"Hoetmer Krijn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krijn Hoetmer. 2016. IRC Logs. Retrieved August 28, 2024 from https:\/\/krijnhoetmer.nl\/irc-logs\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","first-page":"355","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 4th International Conference on Big Data and Cloud Computing","author":"Hosseinmardi Homa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Homa Hosseinmardi, Shaosong Li, Zhili Yang, Qin Lv, Rahat Ibn Rafiq, Richard Han, and Shivakant Mishra. 2014. A comparison of common users across Instagram and ask. fm to better understand cyberbullying. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 4th International Conference on Big Data and Cloud Computing. IEEE, 355\u2013362."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","volume-title":"Detecting Insults in Social Commentary Dataset","year":"2012","unstructured":"Impermium. 2012. Detecting Insults in Social Commentary Dataset. Retrieved November 13, 2023 from https:\/\/kaggle.com\/competitions\/detecting-insults-in-social-commentary"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","volume-title":"CLEF (Online Working Notes\/Labs\/Workshop)","author":"Inches Giacomo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Giacomo Inches and Fabio Crestani. 2012. Overview of the international sexual predator identification competition at PAN-2012.. In CLEF (Online Working Notes\/Labs\/Workshop), Vol. 30. Citeseer."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13755-018-0046-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Emerging Techniques in Computational Intelligence (ICETCI)","author":"Kirupalini S.","year":"2021","unstructured":"S. Kirupalini, Aditi Baskar, Amruthavarshini Ramesh, Gayathri Rengarajan, S. Gowri, S. Swetha, and D. Sangeetha. 2021. Prevention of emotional entrapment of children on social media. In Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Emerging Techniques in Computational Intelligence (ICETCI). IEEE, 95\u2013100."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Text Mining Workshop","author":"Kontostathis April","year":"2009","unstructured":"April Kontostathis, Lynne Edwards, and Amanda Leatherman. 2009. Chatcoder: Toward the tracking and categorization of internet predators. In Proceedings of the 7th Text Mining Workshop. 1\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying (TRAC-2018)","author":"Kumar Ritesh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ritesh Kumar, Atul Kr Ojha, Shervin Malmasi, and Marcos Zampieri. 2018. Benchmarking aggression identification in social media. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Trolling, Aggression and Cyberbullying (TRAC-2018). 1\u201311."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","unstructured":"Ritesh Kumar Aishwarya N. Reganti Akshit Bhatia and Tushar Maheshwari. 2018. Aggression-annotated corpus of Hindi-English code-mixed data. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201918). 1425\u20131431."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44564-9_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65813-1_30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.3560365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v14i1.7313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/JEC1086-4415150305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011","author":"Miah Md Waliur Rahman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Md Waliur Rahman Miah, John Yearwood, and Sid Kulkarni. 2011. Detection of child exploiting chats from a mixed chat dataset as a text classification task. In Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2011. 157\u2013165."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-0312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17482798.2016.1234736"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","unstructured":"Carrie-Anne Myers and Nathan Hudson. 2022. Content and Activity that is Harmful to Children within Scope of the Online Safety Bill. A Rapid Evidence Assessment. Technical Report. NatCen."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDA.2013.6920758"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","volume-title":"Molly Russell inquest findings","year":"2022","unstructured":"NSPCC. 2022. Molly Russell inquest findings. Retrieved October 29, 2024 from https:\/\/www.nspcc.org.uk\/about-us\/news-opinion\/2022\/response-molly-russell\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","volume-title":"82% Rise in Online Grooming Crimes Against Children in the Last 5 Years","year":"2023","unstructured":"NSPCC. 2023. 82% Rise in Online Grooming Crimes Against Children in the Last 5 Years. Retrieved November 13, 2023 from https:\/\/www.nspcc.org.uk\/about-us\/news-opinion\/2023\/2023-08-14-82-rise-in-online-grooming-crimes-against-children-in-the-last-5-years\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","volume-title":"Bullying and Cyberbullying","year":"2023","unstructured":"NSPCC. 2023. Bullying and Cyberbullying. Retrieved November 13, 2023 from https:\/\/www.nspcc.org.uk\/what-is-child-abuse\/types-of-abuse\/bullying-and-cyberbullying\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","volume-title":"Protecting Children from Radicalisation","year":"2024","unstructured":"NSPCC. 2024. Protecting Children from Radicalisation. Retrieved October 29, 2024 from https:\/\/www.nspcc.org.uk\/keeping-children-safe\/reporting-abuse\/dedicated-helplines\/protecting-children-from-radicalisation\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM.2014.6921619"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","volume-title":"Dark Web and GeoPolitical Web Research","author":"Arizona The University of","year":"2023","unstructured":"The University of Arizona. 2023. Dark Web and GeoPolitical Web Research. Retrieved November 13, 2023 from https:\/\/eller.arizona.edu\/departments-research\/centers-labs\/artificial-intelligence\/research\/previous\/dark-web-geo-web"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","volume-title":"Children and Parents: Media Use and Attitudes Report 2022","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ofcom. 2022. Children and Parents: Media Use and Attitudes Report 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2023 from https:\/\/www.ofcom.org.uk\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0024\/234609\/childrens-media-use-and-attitudes-report-2022.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","volume-title":"Children and Parents: Media Use and Attitudes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ofcom. 2023. Children and Parents: Media Use and Attitudes. Retrieved December 17, 2024 from https:\/\/www.ofcom.org.uk\/siteassets\/resources\/documents\/research-and-data\/media-literacy-research\/children\/childrens-media-use-and-attitudes-2023\/childrens-media-use-and-attitudes-report-2023.pdf?v=329412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulkit Parikh Harika Abburi Pinkesh Badjatiya Radhika Krishnan Niyati Chhaya Manish Gupta and Vasudeva Varma. 2019. Multilabel categorization of accounts of sexism using a neural framework. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics 1642\u20131652.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1174"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, SIGKDD 2012","author":"Park Minsu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Minsu Park, Chiyoung Cha, and Meeyoung Cha. 2012. Depressive moods of users portrayed in Twitter. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, SIGKDD 2012. 1\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","volume-title":"Online Safety Act 2023","author":"Parliament UK","year":"2023","unstructured":"UK Parliament. 2023. Online Safety Act 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2023 from https:\/\/bills.parliament.uk\/bills\/3137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","volume-title":"PREVENT - Rotherham Safeguarding Children Partnership","author":"Partnership Rotherham Safeguarding Children","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rotherham Safeguarding Children Partnership. 2024. PREVENT - Rotherham Safeguarding Children Partnership. Retrieved October 29, 2024 from https:\/\/www.rscp.org.uk\/homepage\/43\/prevent#:~:text=PREVENT%20is%20about%20safeguarding%20children,the%20UK's%20counter%2Dterrorism%20strategy."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41125-018-0029-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSC.2007.32"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","first-page":"2390","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics","author":"Plh\u00e1k Jarom\u00edr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jarom\u00edr Plh\u00e1k, Ond\u0159ej Sotol\u00e1\u0159, Michaela Lebed\u00edkov\u00e1, and David \u0160mahel. 2023. Classification of adolescents\u2019 risky behavior in instant messaging conversations. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics. PMLR, 2390\u20132404."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS 2021)","author":"Preu\u00df Svenja","year":"2021","unstructured":"Svenja Preu\u00df, Luna Pia Bley, Tabea Bayha, Vivien Dehne, Alessa Jordan, Sophie Reimann, Fina Roberto, Josephine Romy Zahm, Hanna Siewerts, Dirk Labudde, et\u00a0al. 2021. Automatically identifying online grooming chats using CNN-based feature extraction. In Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS 2021). 137\u2013146."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radwan Qasrawi Stephanny Paola Vicuna Polo Diala Abu Al-Halawa Sameh Hallaq and Ziad Abdeen. 2022. Assessment and prediction of depression and anxiety risk factors in schoolchildren: Machine learning techniques performance analysis. JMIR Formative Research 6 8 (2022) e32736.","DOI":"10.2196\/32736"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, Living Labs (CLEF 2018)","author":"Ramiandrisoa Faneva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Faneva Ramiandrisoa, Josiane Mothe, Farah Benamara, and V\u00e9ronique Moriceau. 2018. IRIT at e-Risk 2018. In Proceedings of the 9th Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, Living Labs (CLEF 2018). 1\u201312."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376400"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479609"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58068-5_35"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoffan Saifullah Yuli Fauziah and Agus Sasmito Aribowo. 2021. Comparison of machine learning for sentiment analysis in detecting anxiety based on social media data. Jurnal Informatika 15 1 (2021) 45\u201355.","DOI":"10.26555\/jifo.v15i1.a20111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24725579.2018.1496494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13388-014-0005-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","first-page":"97","article-title":"Do perverted justice chat logs contain examples of overt persuasion and sexual extortion? A research note responding to Chiang and Grant (2017, 2018)","volume":"5","author":"Schneevogt Daniela","year":"2018","unstructured":"Daniela Schneevogt, Emily Chiang, and Tim Grant. 2018. Do perverted justice chat logs contain examples of overt persuasion and sexual extortion? A research note responding to Chiang and Grant (2017, 2018). Language and Law\/Linguagem e Direito 5, 1 (2018), 97\u2013102.","journal-title":"Language and Law\/Linguagem e Direito"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","first-page":"3838","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guangyao Shen, Jia Jia, Liqiang Nie, Fuli Feng, Cunjun Zhang, Tianrui Hu, Tat-Seng Chua, and Wenwu Zhu. 2017. Depression detection via harvesting social media: A multimodal dictionary learning solution.. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI). 3838\u20133844."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-3107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13754"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","article-title":"Cost-sensitive boosting pruning trees for depression detection on Twitter","author":"Tong Lei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lei Tong, Zhihua Liu, Zheheng Jiang, Feixiang Zhou, Long Chen, Jialin Lyu, Xiangrong Zhang, Qianni Zhang, Abdul Sadka, Yinhai Wang, et\u00a0al. 2022. Cost-sensitive boosting pruning trees for depression detection on Twitter. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 14, 3 (2022), 1898\u20131911.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2190-8532-2-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","volume-title":"How ISIS Uses Twitter","author":"Tribe Fifth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fifth Tribe. 2016. How ISIS Uses Twitter. Retrieved November 13, 2023 from https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/fifthtribe\/how-isis-uses-twitter"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-020-09488-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","volume-title":"CLEF (Online Working Notes\/Labs\/Workshop)","author":"Villatoro-Tello Esa\u00fa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Esa\u00fa Villatoro-Tello, Antonio Ju\u00e1rez-Gonz\u00e1lez, Hugo Jair Escalante, Manuel Montes-y G\u00f3mez, and Luis Villasenor Pineda. 2012. A two-step approach for effective detection of misbehaving users in chats.. In CLEF (Online Working Notes\/Labs\/Workshop), Vol. 1178."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","first-page":"812","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC)","volume":"12","author":"Walker Marilyn A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marilyn A. Walker, Jean E. Fox Tree, Pranav Anand, Rob Abbott, and Joseph King. 2012. A corpus for research on deliberation and debate.. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC) 12 (2012), 812\u2013817."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry Weld Guanghao Huang Jean Lee Tongshu Zhang KunzeWang Xinghong Guo Siqu Long Josiah Poon and Soyeon Caren Han. 2021. Conda: A contextual dual-annotated dataset for in-game toxicity understanding and detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.06213 (2021).","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-acl.213"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Language Cognition and Computational Models","author":"Wolohan J. T.","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. T. Wolohan, Misato Hiraga, Atreyee Mukherjee, Zeeshan Ali Sayyed, and Matthew Millard. 2018. Detecting linguistic traces of depression in topic-restricted text: Attending to self-stigmatized depression with NLP. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Language Cognition and Computational Models. 11\u201321."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052591"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2022.102961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew Yates Arman Cohan and Nazli Goharian. 2017. Depression and self-harm risk assessment in online forums. arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.01848 (2017).","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1322"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v36i11.21483"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","article-title":"Automatic anxiety recognition method based on microblog text analysis","volume":"11","author":"Yu Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang Yu, Qi Li, and Xiaoqian Liu. 2023. Automatic anxiety recognition method based on microblog text analysis. Frontiers in Public Health 11 (2023), 1080013.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcos Zampieri Shervin Malmasi Preslav Nakov Sara Rosenthal Noura Farra and Ritesh Kumar. 2019. Predicting the type and target of offensive posts in social media. arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.09666 (2019).","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","first-page":"3952","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)","volume":"16","author":"Zhong Haoti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haoti Zhong, Hao Li, Anna Cinzia Squicciarini, Sarah Michele Rajtmajer, Christopher Griffin, David J. Miller, and Cornelia Caragea. 2016. Content-driven detection of cyberbullying on the Instagram social network.. In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) 16 (2016), 3952\u20133958."}],"container-title":["ACM Computing Surveys"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3806384","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T09:34:08Z","timestamp":1777282448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3806384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3806384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3806384","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-0300","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}