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However, many such systems lack standardization and deviate from secure design principles, resulting in practical vulnerabilities. This article presents a comprehensive cryptanalysis of a widely cited video cryptosystem. The target system combines S-box substitution\u2014derived from either a 12D chaotic map or the Ikeda delay differential equation (DDE)\u2014with a Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) diffusion scheme. Through an analysis of the encryption structure, fundamental design defects are identified. Specifically, the CBC diffusion mechanism lacks key dependence, and the system exhibits an excessive reliance on fixed, publicly exposed S-boxes. These vulnerabilities are demonstrated through chosen-plaintext attacks, known-plaintext attacks, and chosen-ciphertext attacks. Experimental results confirm that the S-box can be fully reconstructed, thereby facilitating the complete decryption of video content in the absence of the secret key. Beyond exposing vulnerabilities, this study offers constructive contributions by proposing six concrete improvement strategies, including dynamic key generation, structural enhancement, and dynamic S-box indexing. This work provides practical suggestions for designing secure chaos-based multimedia cryptosystems, offering valuable references for future research and promoting the development of efficient encryption systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3808699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T14:52:32Z","timestamp":1776264752000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Cryptanalysis and Improvement of a Video Cryptosystem via Chaos and S-Box"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4159-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiting","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial\/Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research and Application for Data Science, Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University, Zhuhai, China and Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0758-8689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial\/Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research and Application for Data Science, Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University, Zhuhai, China and Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5357-7442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donglong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial\/Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research and Application for Data Science, Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University, Zhuhai, China and Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9652-3321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yupeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interactive Media, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2481-0230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U\u011fur","family":"Erkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7687-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdurrahim","family":"Toktas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5790-7429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7428-1816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/104949.104951"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"Carlisle M. 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