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Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ensuring drinking water safety is critical, yet detecting ppb-level heavy metals remains a challenge, as health-relevant regulatory thresholds (e.g., 10 ppb) are three to seven orders of magnitude below the sensitivity of currently available test strips and wireless sensing systems. This paper presents MetaTap, a low-cost, passive metasurface-based system for high-resolution water contamination detection. Inspired by resonance splitting, MetaTap employs a novel Complementary Asymmetric Split Square (CASS) structure that encodes multiple information-rich resonance dips within the bandwidth of a commercial UWB radar. This design significantly enhances sensing resolution, enabling the detection of contaminants at concentrations as low as 5 ppb. To ensure robustness in complex environments, we develop a physically interpretable model using resonance spectral features and their derivatives to suppress noise from multipath propagation and unknown background constituents. Extensive evaluations in real-world scenarios demonstrate that MetaTap maintains strong robustness against environmental variations and achieves an average detection accuracy of 94.6% for contaminants in real tap water. With a metasurface fabrication cost of only $0.10, MetaTap provides a highly accessible and sensitive platform for real-time water quality monitoring in everyday settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3810188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:06:41Z","timestamp":1781543201000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MetaTap: Resonance-Splitting-Based Multi-Dip Encoding for High-Resolution Water Contaminant Sensing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4330-7098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juexing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8484-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binbin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1913-846X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minhao","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8699-539X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yimeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7392-3477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer and Information Science, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9804-3727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruofeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3272-5239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huacheng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSE, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8159-9072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhichao","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5396-4554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0808-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianxing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2025. 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