{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:54:34Z","timestamp":1781546074409,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"JST CRONOS","award":["JPMJCS24K8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJCS24K8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Autonomous vehicles (AVs) need to communicate with other road users in uncertain scenarios via external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs). Existing eHMIs are rule-based, relying on manually designed motion and communication patterns for predefined scenarios, which limits adaptability. To address this, we explore LLM-driven eHMIs, a new approach that leverages the human-like reasoning and communication abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) for generating expressive communicative actions. We investigated two research questions: 1) How does a pre-trained LLM translate intended communicative messages into corresponding eHMI actions? and 2) How communication-efficient are these generated actions to humans? To answer these questions, we first constructed a prompt framework through iterative prototyping, followed by the development of an end-to-end physical pipeline. Finally, we conducted a 26-participant field study using a physical prototype to assess communication effectiveness by comparing human-designed and GPT-o3-mini-generated eHMI actions in terms of participants' correct reactions and message interpretation. Results show that participants' correct reactions do not equate to their correct interpretations. The current pre-trained LLMs can produce communicative actions with similar interpretation comparable to human-designed ones, but cannot enable the correct pedestrian reactions. Our discussion highlights different design patterns between humans and LLMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3810200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:06:41Z","timestamp":1781543201000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring LLMs for Generating Communicational Actions of External Interfaces on Autonomous Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6541-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyue","family":"Gui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4800-1112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ding","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5207-5029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Colley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Interaction Centre, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0412-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stela Hanbyeol","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0390-6361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Ming","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University of Arts, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0337-115X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Javanmardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8045-3939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manabu","family":"Tsukada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeo","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"Incorporating Explanations into Human-Machine Interfaces for Trust and Situation Awareness in Autonomous Vehicles. arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.07383","author":"Atakishiyev Shahin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shahin Atakishiyev, Mohammad Salameh, and Randy Goebel. 2024. Incorporating Explanations into Human-Machine Interfaces for Trust and Situation Awareness in Autonomous Vehicles. arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.07383 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"Survey on eHMI concepts: The effect of text, color, and perspective. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour 67","author":"Bazilinskyy Pavlo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pavlo Bazilinskyy, Dimitra Dodou, and Joost De Winter. 2019. Survey on eHMI concepts: The effect of text, color, and perspective. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour 67 (2019), 175\u2013194."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, 3721\u20133728","author":"Bazilinskyy Pavlo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pavlo Bazilinskyy, Dimitra Dodou, and Joost De Winter. 2020. External Human-Machine Interfaces: Which of 729 colors is best for signaling \u2018Please (do not) cross\u2018?. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, 3721\u20133728."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlo Bazilinskyy Lars Kooijman Dimitra Dodou and Joost CF de Winter. 2021. How should external Human-Machine Interfaces behave? Examining the effects of colour position message activation distance vehicle yielding and visual distraction among 1 434 participants. Applied ergonomics 95 (2021) 103450.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103450"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision. 1023\u20131028","author":"Bogdoll Daniel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daniel Bogdoll, Jasmin Breitenstein, Florian Heidecker, Maarten Bieshaar, Bernhard Sick, Tim Fingscheidt, and Marius Z\u00f6llner. 2021. Description of corner cases in automated driving: Goals and challenges. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision. 1023\u20131028."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brian Butterworth and Uri Hadar. 1989. Gesture speech and computational stages: a reply to McNeill. (1989).","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295X.96.1.168"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2022.2032885","article-title":"Ride-hailing applications in Southeast Asia: A literature review","volume":"17","author":"Chalermpong Saksith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saksith Chalermpong, Hironori Kato, Phathinan Thaithatkul, Apiwat Ratanawaraha, Alexis Fillone, Nguyen Hoang-Tung, and Peraphan Jittrapirom. 2023. Ride-hailing applications in Southeast Asia: A literature review. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 17, 3 (2023), 298\u2013318.","journal-title":"International Journal of Sustainable Transportation"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th international conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications. 349\u2013359","author":"Chang Chia-Ming","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chia-Ming Chang, Koki Toda, Xinyue Gui, Stela H Seo, and Takeo Igarashi. 2022. Can eyes on a car reduce traffic accidents?. In Proceedings of the 14th international conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications. 349\u2013359."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"The International Symposium of Robotics Research. Springer, 36\u201351","author":"Chen Lawrence Yunliang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lawrence Yunliang Chen, Huang Huang, Ellen Novoseller, Daniel Seita, Jeffrey Ichnowski, Michael Laskey, Richard Cheng, Thomas Kollar, and Ken Goldberg. 2022. Efficiently learning single-arm fling motions to smooth garments. In The International Symposium of Robotics Research. Springer, 36\u201351."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"Empowering llms with logical reasoning: A comprehensive survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.15652","author":"Cheng Fengxiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fengxiang Cheng, Haoxuan Li, Fenrong Liu, Robert van Rooij, Kun Zhang, and Zhouchen Lin. 2025. Empowering llms with logical reasoning: A comprehensive survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.15652 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 7, 2, Article 51 (June","author":"Colley Mark","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mark Colley, Julian Britten, and Enrico Rukzio. 2023. Scalability in External Communication of Automated Vehicles: Evaluation and Recommendations. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 7, 2, Article 51 (June 2023), 26 pages. doi:10.1145\/3596248"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3596248","article-title":"Scalability in external communication of automated vehicles: Evaluation and recommendations","volume":"7","author":"Colley Mark","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mark Colley, Julian Britten, and Enrico Rukzio. 2023. Scalability in external communication of automated vehicles: Evaluation and recommendations. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 7, 2 (2023), 1\u201326.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201316","author":"Colley Mark","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mark Colley, Pascal Jansen, Mugdha Keskar, and Enrico Rukzio. 2025. Improving External Communication of Automated Vehicles Using Bayesian Optimization. In Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3699778","article-title":"Longitudinal effects of external communication of automated vehicles in the usa and Germany: A comparative study in virtual reality and via a browser","volume":"8","author":"Colley Mark","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mark Colley, Daniel Kornm\u00fcller, Debargha Dey, Wendy Ju, and Enrico Rukzio. 2024. Longitudinal effects of external communication of automated vehicles in the usa and Germany: A comparative study in virtual reality and via a browser. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 8, 4 (2024), 1\u201333.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction (Toulouse & Virtual, France) (MobileHCI '21)","author":"Colley Mark","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mark Colley, Surong Li, and Enrico Rukzio. 2021. Increasing Pedestrian Safety Using External Communication of Autonomous Vehicles for Signalling Hazards. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction (Toulouse & Virtual, France) (MobileHCI '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 20, 10 pages. doi:10.1145\/3447526.3472024"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision. 902\u2013909","author":"Cui Can","year":"2024","unstructured":"Can Cui, Yunsheng Ma, Xu Cao, Wenqian Ye, and Ziran Wang. 2024. Drive as you speak: Enabling human-like interaction with large language models in autonomous vehicles. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision. 902\u2013909."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2020.1862310","article-title":"How do pedestrians distribute their visual attention when walking through a parking garage? An eye-tracking study","volume":"64","author":"de Winter Joost","year":"2021","unstructured":"Joost de Winter, Pavlo Bazilinskyy, Dale Wesdorp, Valerie de Vlam, Belle Hopmans, Just Visscher, and Dimitra Dodou. 2021. How do pedestrians distribute their visual attention when walking through a parking garage? An eye-tracking study. Ergonomics 64, 6 (2021), 793\u2013805.","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","volume-title":"External human-machine interfaces: Gimmick or necessity? Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives 15","author":"de Winter Joost","year":"2022","unstructured":"Joost de Winter and Dimitra Dodou. 2022. External human-machine interfaces: Gimmick or necessity? Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives 15 (2022), 100643."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2020.100174","article-title":"Taming the eHMI jungle: A classification taxonomy to guide, compare, and assess the design principles of automated vehicles' external human-machine interfaces","volume":"7","author":"Dey Debargha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Debargha Dey, Azra Habibovic, Andreas L\u00f6cken, Philipp Wintersberger, Bastian Pfleging, Andreas Riener, Marieke Martens, and Jacques Terken. 2020. Taming the eHMI jungle: A classification taxonomy to guide, compare, and assess the design principles of automated vehicles' external human-machine interfaces. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 7 (2020), 100174.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1\u201313","author":"Dey Debargha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Debargha Dey, Azra Habibovic, Bastian Pfleging, Marieke Martens, and Jacques Terken. 2020. Color and animation preferences for a light band eHMI in interactions between automated vehicles and pedestrians. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the eleventh ACM international conference on web search and data mining. 162\u2013170","author":"Eickhoff Carsten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carsten Eickhoff. 2018. Cognitive biases in crowdsourcing. In Proceedings of the eleventh ACM international conference on web search and data mining. 162\u2013170."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"External human-machine interfaces: Effects of message perspective. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour 78","author":"Eisma Yke Bauke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yke Bauke Eisma, Anna Reiff, Lars Kooijman, Dimitra Dodou, and Joost CF de Winter. 2021. External human-machine interfaces: Effects of message perspective. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour 78 (2021), 30\u201341."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","first-page":"5573560","article-title":"I See Your Gesture: A VR-Based Study of Bidirectional Communication between Pedestrians and Automated Vehicles","volume":"2021","author":"Epke Michael R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Michael R Epke, Lars Kooijman, and Joost CF De Winter. 2021. I See Your Gesture: A VR-Based Study of Bidirectional Communication between Pedestrians and Automated Vehicles. Journal of advanced transportation 2021, 1 (2021), 5573560.","journal-title":"Journal of advanced transportation"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2024","unstructured":"Figure. 2024. Figure Status Update - OpenAI Speech-to-Speech Reasoning. Retrieved Dec 29, 2024 from https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Sq1QZB5baNw"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","volume-title":"What is User Centered Design (UCD)? Retrieved","author":"Foundation Interaction Design","year":"2025","unstructured":"Interaction Design Foundation. 2016. What is User Centered Design (UCD)? Retrieved November 1, 2025 from https:\/\/www.interaction-design.org\/literature\/topics\/user-centered-design"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision. 910\u2013919","author":"Fu Daocheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Daocheng Fu, Xin Li, Licheng Wen, Min Dou, Pinlong Cai, Botian Shi, and Yu Qiao. 2024. Drive like a human: Rethinking autonomous driving with large language models. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision. 910\u2013919."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","unstructured":"Pascale Fung Yoram Bachrach Asli Celikyilmaz Kamalika Chaudhuri Delong Chen Willy Chung Emmanuel Dupoux Herv\u00e9 J\u00e9gou Alessandro Lazaric Arjun Majumdar et al. 2025. Embodied AI Agents: Modeling the World. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.22355 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3714475","article-title":"Effects of Human-Like Characteristics in Sampling-Based Motion Planning on the Legibility of Robot Arm Motions","volume":"14","author":"Gaebert Carl","year":"2025","unstructured":"Carl Gaebert, Oliver Rehren, Sebastian Jansen, Katharina Jahn, Peter Ohler, G\u00fcnter Daniel Rey, and Ulrike Thomas. 2025. Effects of Human-Like Characteristics in Sampling-Based Motion Planning on the Legibility of Robot Arm Motions. ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction 14, 3 (2025), 1\u201325.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","volume-title":"Building Knowledge from Interactions: An LLM-Based Architecture for Adaptive Tutoring and Social Reasoning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.01588","author":"Garello Luca","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luca Garello, Giulia Belgiovine, Gabriele Russo, Francesco Rea, and Alessandra Sciutti. 2025. Building Knowledge from Interactions: An LLM-Based Architecture for Adaptive Tutoring and Social Reasoning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.01588 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"Observed sidewalk autonomous delivery robot interactions with pedestrians and bicyclists. Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives 18","author":"Gehrke Steven R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Steven R Gehrke, Christopher D Phair, Brendan J Russo, and Edward J Smaglik. 2023. Observed sidewalk autonomous delivery robot interactions with pedestrians and bicyclists. Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives 18 (2023), 100789."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"Passenger. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction. 429\u2013431","author":"Gui Xinyue","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xinyue Gui, Ehsan Javanmardi, Stela Hanbyeol Seo, Vishal Chauhan, Chia-Ming Chang, Manabu Tsukada, and Takeo Igarashi. 2024. \u201cText+ Eye\u201d on Autonomous Taxi to Provide Geospatial Instructions to Passenger. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction. 429\u2013431."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. 305\u2013316","author":"Gui Xinyue","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xinyue Gui, Mikiya Kusunoki, Bofei Huang, Stela Hanbyeol Seo, Chia-Ming Chang, Haoran Xie, Manabu Tsukada, and Takeo Igarashi. 2024. Shrinkable Arm-based eHMI on Autonomous Delivery Vehicle for Effective Communication with Other Road Users. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. 305\u2013316."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","volume-title":"Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u20137.","author":"Gui Xinyue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xinyue Gui, Koki Toda, Stela Hanbyeol Seo, Felix Martin Eckert, Chia-Ming Chang, Xiang' Anthony Chen, and Takeo Igarashi. 2023. A field study on pedestrians' thoughts toward a car with gazing eyes. In Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3583136","article-title":"Recent trends in task and motion planning for robotics: A survey","volume":"55","author":"Guo Huihui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huihui Guo, Fan Wu, Yunchuan Qin, Ruihui Li, Keqin Li, and Kenli Li. 2023. Recent trends in task and motion planning for robotics: A survey. Comput. Surveys 55, 13s (2023), 1\u201336.","journal-title":"Comput. Surveys"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Holl\u00e4nder Kai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kai Holl\u00e4nder, Mark Colley, Enrico Rukzio, and Andreas Butz. 2021. A Taxonomy of Vulnerable Road Users for HCI Based On A Systematic Literature Review. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 158, 13 pages. doi:10.1145\/3411764.3445480"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"Pre-trained transformer-enabled strategies with human-guided fine-tuning for end-to-end navigation of autonomous vehicles. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.12666","author":"Hu Dong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dong Hu, Chao Huang, Jingda Wu, and Hongbo Gao. 2024. Pre-trained transformer-enabled strategies with human-guided fine-tuning for end-to-end navigation of autonomous vehicles. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.12666 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","unstructured":"Wenlong Huang Fei Xia Ted Xiao Harris Chan Jacky Liang Pete Florence Andy Zeng Jonathan Tompson Igor Mordatch Yevgen Chebotar et al. 2022. Inner monologue: Embodied reasoning through planning with language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.05608 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","volume-title":"DriVLMe: Enhancing LLM-based Autonomous Driving Agents with Embodied and Social Experiences. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.03008","author":"Huang Yidong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yidong Huang, Jacob Sansom, Ziqiao Ma, Felix Gervits, and Joyce Chai. 2024. DriVLMe: Enhancing LLM-based Autonomous Driving Agents with Embodied and Social Experiences. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.03008 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","volume-title":"Learning to Singulate Objects in Packed Environments using a Dexterous Hand. arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.00643","author":"Jiang Hao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hao Jiang, Yuhai Wang, Hanyang Zhou, and Daniel Seita. 2024. Learning to Singulate Objects in Packed Environments using a Dexterous Hand. arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.00643 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 8664\u20138670","author":"Joublin Frank","year":"2024","unstructured":"Frank Joublin, Antonello Ceravola, Pavel Smirnov, Felix Ocker, Joerg Deigmoeller, Anna Belardinelli, Chao Wang, Stephan Hasler, Daniel Tanneberg, and Michael Gienger. 2024. CoPAL: corrective planning of robot actions with large language models. In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 8664\u20138670."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3749473","article-title":"You're the One Whom I'm Talking To: The Role of Contextual External Human-Machine Interfaces in Multi-Road User Conflict Scenarios","volume":"9","author":"Kang Yumin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yumin Kang, Jeongju Park, Seokhyun Hwang, Minwoo Seong, Gwangbin Kim, and SeungJun Kim. 2025. You're the One Whom I'm Talking To: The Role of Contextual External Human-Machine Interfaces in Multi-Road User Conflict Scenarios. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 9, 3 (2025), 1\u201337.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"Persona is a double-edged sword: Mitigating the negative impact of role-playing prompts in zero-shot reasoning tasks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.08631","author":"Kim Junseok","year":"2024","unstructured":"Junseok Kim, Nakyeong Yang, and Kyomin Jung. 2024. Persona is a double-edged sword: Mitigating the negative impact of role-playing prompts in zero-shot reasoning tasks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.08631 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2019.1653556","article-title":"Autonomous taxi service design and user experience","volume":"36","author":"Kim Sangwon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sangwon Kim, Jennifer Jah Eun Chang, Hyun Ho Park, Seon Uk Song, Chang Bae Cha, Ji Won Kim, and Namwoo Kang. 2020. Autonomous taxi service design and user experience. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 36, 5 (2020), 429\u2013448.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","volume-title":"Beyond prompts: Learning from human communication for enhanced ai intent alignment. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.05678","author":"Kim Yoonsu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yoonsu Kim, Kihoon Son, Seoyoung Kim, and Juho Kim. 2024. Beyond prompts: Learning from human communication for enhanced ai intent alignment. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.05678 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.119771","article-title":"A survey of deep learning-based intrusion detection in automotive applications","volume":"221","author":"Lampe Brooke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brooke Lampe and Weizhi Meng. 2023. A survey of deep learning-based intrusion detection in automotive applications. Expert Systems with Applications 221 (2023), 119771.","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","volume-title":"2016 IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT). IEEE, 73\u201382","author":"Lee Leong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leong Lee, Matthew Jones, Gregory S Ridenour, Sam J Bennett, Arisha C Majors, Bianca L Melito, and Michael J Wilson. 2016. Comparison of accuracy and precision of GPS-enabled mobile devices. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT). IEEE, 73\u201382."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(85)90021-X","article-title":"Pointing and voicing in deictic expressions","volume":"24","author":"Levelt Willem JM","year":"1985","unstructured":"Willem JM Levelt, Graham Richardson, and Wido La Heij. 1985. Pointing and voicing in deictic expressions. Journal of memory and language 24, 2 (1985), 133\u2013164.","journal-title":"Journal of memory and language"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","volume-title":"LLM Generated Persona is a Promise with a Catch. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.16527","author":"Li Ang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ang Li, Haozhe Chen, Hongseok Namkoong, and Tianyi Peng. 2025. LLM Generated Persona is a Promise with a Catch. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.16527 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","volume-title":"AADS: Augmented autonomous driving simulation using data-driven algorithms. Science robotics 4, 28","author":"Li Wei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wei Li, CW Pan, Rong Zhang, JP Ren, YX Ma, Jin Fang, FL Yan, QC Geng, XY Huang, HJ Gong, et al. 2019. AADS: Augmented autonomous driving simulation using data-driven algorithms. Science robotics 4, 28 (2019), eaaw0863."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the fifteenth international conference on tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction. 1\u20136.","author":"Lieser Marc","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marc Lieser, Ulrich Schwanecke, and J\u00f6rg Berdux. 2021. Tactile human-quadrotor interaction: Metrodrone. In Proceedings of the fifteenth international conference on tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction. 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","volume-title":"Is silent ehmi enough? a passenger-centric study on effective ehmi for autonomous personal mobility vehicles in the field. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.17862","author":"Liu Hailong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hailong Liu, Yang Li, Zhe Zeng, Hao Cheng, Chen Peng, and Takahiro Wada. 2023. Is silent ehmi enough? a passenger-centric study on effective ehmi for autonomous personal mobility vehicles in the field. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.17862 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1\u201312","author":"Mahadevan Karthik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karthik Mahadevan, Sowmya Somanath, and Ehud Sharlin. 2018. Communicating awareness and intent in autonomous vehicle-pedestrian interaction. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1\u201312."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","volume-title":"External Human-Vehicle Interaction: A User Study in the Context of a Driverless Ride-Hailing Service. Transportation Research Record","author":"Meister Kristina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kristina Meister, Andres Kuusik, Alexander Nolte, and Karl Kruusam\u00e4e. 2025. External Human-Vehicle Interaction: A User Study in the Context of a Driverless Ride-Hailing Service. Transportation Research Record (2025), 03611981251391717."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 ACM designing interactive systems conference. 1365\u20131377","author":"Meurer Johanna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johanna Meurer, Christina Pakusch, Gunnar Stevens, Dave Randall, and Volker Wulf. 2020. A wizard of oz study on passengers' experiences of a robo-taxi service in real-life settings. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM designing interactive systems conference. 1365\u20131377."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","volume-title":"The architectural model: Histories of the miniature and the prototype, the exemplar and the Muse","author":"Mindrup Matthew","unstructured":"Matthew Mindrup. 2019. The architectural model: Histories of the miniature and the prototype, the exemplar and the Muse. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference. 16578\u201316588","author":"Mughal M Hamza","year":"2025","unstructured":"M Hamza Mughal, Rishabh Dabral, Merel CJ Scholman, Vera Demberg, and Christian Theobalt. 2025. Retrieving Semantics from the Deep: an RAG Solution for Gesture Synthesis. In Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference. 16578\u201316588."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Augmented Human International Conference. 1\u20134.","author":"Ochiai Yoichi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yoichi Ochiai and Keisuke Toyoshima. 2011. Homunculus: the vehicle as augmented clothes. In Proceedings of the 2nd Augmented Human International Conference. 1\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. 1531\u20131552","author":"Pang Rock Yuren","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rock Yuren Pang, Jack Cenatempo, Franklyn Graham, Bridgette Kuehn, Maddy Whisenant, Portia Botchway, Katie Stone Perez, and Allison Koenecke. 2023. Auditing cross-cultural consistency of human-annotated labels for recommendation systems. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. 1531\u20131552."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. 172\u2013182","author":"Pelikan Hannah RM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hannah RM Pelikan and Malte F Jung. 2023. Designing robot sound-in-interaction: The case of autonomous public transport shuttle buses. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. 172\u2013182."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 7587\u20137597","author":"Qian Shengyi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shengyi Qian, Weifeng Chen, Min Bai, Xiong Zhou, Zhuowen Tu, and Li Erran Li. 2024. Affordancellm: Grounding affordance from vision language models. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 7587\u20137597."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","volume-title":"NeurIPS 2022 Foundation Models for Decision Making Workshop.","author":"Raman Shreyas Sundara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shreyas Sundara Raman, Vanya Cohen, Eric Rosen, Ifrah Idrees, David Paulius, and Stefanie Tellex. 2022. Planning with large language models via corrective re-prompting. In NeurIPS 2022 Foundation Models for Decision Making Workshop."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision. 6262\u20136271","author":"Rasouli Amir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amir Rasouli, Iuliia Kotseruba, Toni Kunic, and John K Tsotsos. 2019. Pie: A large-scale dataset and models for pedestrian intention estimation and trajectory prediction. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision. 6262\u20136271."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","volume-title":"GPT-Fabric: Folding and Smoothing Fabric by Leveraging Pre-Trained Foundation Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.09640","author":"Raval Vedant","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vedant Raval, Enyu Zhao, Hejia Zhang, Stefanos Nikolaidis, and Daniel Seita. 2024. GPT-Fabric: Folding and Smoothing Fabric by Leveraging Pre-Trained Foundation Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.09640 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14122387","article-title":"Making Autonomous Taxis Understandable: A Comparative Study of eHMI Feedback Modes and Display Positions for Pickup Guidance","volume":"14","author":"Ren Gang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gang Ren, Zhihuang Huang, Yaning Zhu, Wenshuo Lin, Tianyang Huang, Gang Wang, and Jeehang Lee. 2025. Making Autonomous Taxis Understandable: A Comparative Study of eHMI Feedback Modes and Display Positions for Pickup Guidance. Electronics 14, 12 (2025), 2387.","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","volume-title":"12th international conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications. 83\u201393","author":"Alpers Benjamin S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benjamin S. Alpers, Kali Cornn, Lauren E. Feitzinger, Usman Khaliq, So Yeon Park, Bardia Beigi, Daniel Joseph Hills-Bunnell, Trevor Hyman, Kaustubh Deshpande, Rieko Yajima, et al. 2020. Capturing passenger experience in a ride-sharing autonomous vehicle: The role of digital assistants in user interface design. In 12th international conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications. 83\u201393."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","volume-title":"2019 International Conference on Mechatronics, Robotics and Systems Engineering (MoRSE). IEEE, 8\u201314","author":"Sadik Ahmed R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmed R Sadik, Christian Goerick, and Manuel Muehlig. 2019. Modeling and simulation of a multi-robot system architecture. In 2019 International Conference on Mechatronics, Robotics and Systems Engineering (MoRSE). IEEE, 8\u201314."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, 332\u2013344","author":"Raman Shekar Sankar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shekar Sankar Raman and Vincent G Duffy. 2021. A Systematic Review of Autonomous Taxi Service and Discussion on Its Design. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, 332\u2013344."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","volume-title":"Katia P Sycara, Aaquib Tabrez, and Stefanos Nikolaidis.","author":"Srikanth Siddharth","year":"2025","unstructured":"Siddharth Srikanth, Varun Bhatt, Boshen Zhang, Werner Hager, Charles Michael Lewis, Katia P Sycara, Aaquib Tabrez, and Stefanos Nikolaidis. 2025. Algorithmic Prompt Generation for Diverse Human-like Teaming and Communication with Large Language Models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.03991 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3678580","article-title":"Move, Connect, Interact: Introducing a Design Space for Cross-Traffic Interaction","volume":"8","author":"Stampf Annika","year":"2024","unstructured":"Annika Stampf, Markus Sasalovici, Luca-Maxim Meinhardt, Mark Colley, Marcel Giss, and Enrico Rukzio. 2024. Move, Connect, Interact: Introducing a Design Space for Cross-Traffic Interaction. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 8, 3 (2024), 1\u201340.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099403700208","article-title":"Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal About Thought","volume":"37","author":"Studdert-Kennedy Michael","year":"1994","unstructured":"Michael Studdert-Kennedy. 1994. Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal About Thought. Language and Speech 37, 2 (1994), 203\u2013209.","journal-title":"Language and Speech"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","volume-title":"Optimizing Autonomous Driving for Safety: A Human-Centric Approach with LLM-Enhanced RLHF. In Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. 76\u201380","author":"Sun Yuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan Sun, Navid Salami Pargoo, Peter Jin, and Jorge Ortiz. 2024. Optimizing Autonomous Driving for Safety: A Human-Centric Approach with LLM-Enhanced RLHF. In Companion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. 76\u201380."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1145\/122488.122499","article-title":"Hand gesture coding based on experiments using a hand gesture interface device","volume":"23","author":"Takahashi Tomoichi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tomoichi Takahashi and Fumio Kishino. 1991. Hand gesture coding based on experiments using a hand gesture interface device. Acm Sigchi Bulletin 23, 2 (1991), 67\u201374.","journal-title":"Acm Sigchi Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2024.108550","article-title":"An in-depth evaluation of deep learning-enabled adaptive approaches for detecting obstacles using sensor-fused data in autonomous vehicles","volume":"133","author":"Thakur Abhishek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abhishek Thakur and Sudhansu Kumar Mishra. 2024. An in-depth evaluation of deep learning-enabled adaptive approaches for detecting obstacles using sensor-fused data in autonomous vehicles. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 133 (2024), 108550.","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","volume-title":"TIER IV Launches Commercial Autonomous Driving Software Platforms for Multiple Operational Design Domains. Retrieved","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tier4. 2022. TIER IV Launches Commercial Autonomous Driving Software Platforms for Multiple Operational Design Domains. Retrieved September 8, 2023 from https:\/\/tier4.jp\/en\/media\/detail\/?sys_id=6YY5VzkMZJYfzfmd0CH9gT&category=NEWS"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201317","author":"Minh Tran Tram Thi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tram Thi Minh Tran, Callum Parker, Marius Hoggenm\u00fcller, Yiyuan Wang, and Martin Tomitsch. 2024. Exploring the Impact of Interconnected External Interfaces in Autonomous Vehicles on Pedestrian Safety and Experience. In Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201317."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluating autonomous vehicle external communication using a multi-pedestrian VR simulator","volume":"8","author":"Minh Tran Tram Thi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tram Thi Minh Tran, Callum Parker, Xinyan Yu, Debargha Dey, Marieke Martens, Pavlo Bazilinskyy, and Martin Tomitsch. 2024. Evaluating autonomous vehicle external communication using a multi-pedestrian VR simulator. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 8, 3 (2024), 1\u201326.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","volume-title":"Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u20136.","author":"Walker Francesco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Francesco Walker, Debargha Dey, Marieke Martens, Bastian Pfleging, Berry Eggen, and Jacques Terken. 2019. Feeling-of-safety slider: Measuring pedestrian willingness to cross roads in field interactions with vehicles. In Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","volume-title":"LaMI: Large Language Models for Multi-Modal Human-Robot Interaction. In Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201310","author":"Wang Chao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chao Wang, Stephan Hasler, Daniel Tanneberg, Felix Ocker, Frank Joublin, Antonello Ceravola, Joerg Deigmoeller, and Michael Gienger. 2024. LaMI: Large Language Models for Multi-Modal Human-Robot Interaction. In Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1\u201310."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","volume-title":"OmniDrive: A Holistic LLM-Agent Framework for Autonomous Driving with 3D Perception, Reasoning and Planning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.01533","author":"Wang Shihao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shihao Wang, Zhiding Yu, Xiaohui Jiang, Shiyi Lan, Min Shi, Nadine Chang, Jan Kautz, Ying Li, and Jose M Alvarez. 2024. OmniDrive: A Holistic LLM-Agent Framework for Autonomous Driving with 3D Perception, Reasoning and Planning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.01533 (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 7, MHCI","author":"Wang Yiyuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yiyuan Wang, Senuri Wijenayake, Marius Hoggenm\u00fcller, Luke Hespanhol, Stewart Worrall, and Martin Tomitsch. 2023. My eyes speak: Improving perceived sociability of autonomous vehicles in shared spaces through emotional robotic eyes. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 7, MHCI (2023), 1\u201330."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_81_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the fifth international conference on tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction. 399\u2013400","author":"Wiethoff Alexander","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alexander Wiethoff and Magdalena Bl\u00f6ckner. 2010. Lightbox: exploring interaction modalities with colored light. In Proceedings of the fifth international conference on tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction. 399\u2013400."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2907069"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_83_1","volume-title":"Automating eHMI Action Design with LLMs for Automated Vehicle Communication. arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.20711","author":"Xia Ding","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ding Xia, Xinyue Gui, Fan Gao, Dongyuan Li, Mark Colley, and Takeo Igarashi. 2025. Automating eHMI Action Design with LLMs for Automated Vehicle Communication. arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.20711 (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_84_1","volume-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 4804\u20134811","author":"Yang Jingyun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jingyun Yang, Max Sobol Mark, Brandon Vu, Archit Sharma, Jeannette Bohg, and Chelsea Finn. 2024. Robot fine-tuning made easy: Pre-training rewards and policies for autonomous real-world reinforcement learning. In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 4804\u20134811."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_85_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction. 715\u2013728","author":"Yi Jung-Ying","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jung-Ying Yi and Rohit Ashok Khot. 2020. ROOD: Unpacking the design and the making of a roadkill alert system. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction. 715\u2013728."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_86_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding the interaction between delivery robots and other road and sidewalk users: A study of user-generated online videos","volume":"13","author":"Yu Xinyan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xinyan Yu, Marius Hoggenm\u00fcller, Tram Thi Minh Tran, Yiyuan Wang, and Martin Tomitsch. 2024. Understanding the interaction between delivery robots and other road and sidewalk users: A study of user-generated online videos. ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction 13, 4 (2024), 1\u201332.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_87_1","volume-title":"2023 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 1\u20138.","author":"Zhou Jingxing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jingxing Zhou and J\u00fcrgen Beyerer. 2023. Corner cases in data-driven automated driving: Definitions, properties and solutions. In 2023 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 1\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_88_1","volume-title":"Walter Zimmer, Hu Cao, and Alois C Knoll.","author":"Zhou Xingcheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xingcheng Zhou, Mingyu Liu, Ekim Yurtsever, Bare Luka Zagar, Walter Zimmer, Hu Cao, and Alois C Knoll. 2024. Vision language models in autonomous driving: A survey and outlook. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles (2024)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3810200","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:17:01Z","timestamp":1781543821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3810200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3810200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3810200","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}