{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:52:59Z","timestamp":1781545979100,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL172291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL172291"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sleep apnea is a prevalent yet underdiagnosed sleep disorder. Existing monitoring approaches largely rely on wearable devices or smartphone-based systems, which can be uncomfortable, require active user engagement, or be sensitive to environmental conditions. In this paper, we present a feasibility study of a contactless, engagement-free sleep-apnea screening approach using an under-bed horizontal (head-to-foot) seismic sensor that captures micro vibrations from respiration, heartbeat, and movement. We show that the horizontal axis provides a clearer respiratory signature than the vertical axis, enabling respiration-focused signal analysis. From the seismic signal, we extract 15 features across three families\u2014respiratory heartbeat, and movement\u2014and formulate a\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">minute-level<\/jats:italic>\n                    three-class classification task:\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Normal, OSA+hypopnea<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CSA.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Using a strict patient-independent 5-fold cross-validation protocol on 116 subjects, we achieve 85.5% balanced accuracy and\n                    <jats:bold>80.6%<\/jats:bold>\n                    macro F1 with a random forest classifier; class-wise balanced accuracies are 96.3% (Normal),\n                    <jats:bold>75.0%<\/jats:bold>\n                    (OSA+hypopnea), and 85.2% (CSA). Overall, this work demonstrates the feasibility of under-bed seismic sensing for window-level apnea-related state classification.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3810211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:06:41Z","timestamp":1781543201000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contactless Sleep Apnea Detection with Bodyseismography"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5601-4465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingjian","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0904-4114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiayu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Computer Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7051-7421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zixuan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, ATHENS, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5555-3778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yida","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0126-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaid","family":"Pitafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, ATHENS, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7972-9707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepak Kumar","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Medicine Associates of Athens, Athenamedicalclinic, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1627-6549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley G.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8152-9170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younghoon","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UW Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4515-5041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William J.","family":"Healy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5097-2113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, University of North Carolina (UNC) at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4246-8616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, University of Georgia, ATHENS, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8174-1772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"WenZhan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2746285.2755969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-015-1171-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2022.3151947"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9952"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Vaughn","author":"Berry Richard B.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Richard B. Berry, Rita Brooks, Charlene E. Gamaldo, Susan M. Harding, Robin M. Lloyd, Stuart F. Quan, Matthew T. Troester, and Bradley V. Vaughn. 2017. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications, Version 2.4. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Darien, Illinois. Version 2.4, updated 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3463514"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PerCom45495.2020.9127369"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PerCom45495.2020.9127369"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3671127.3698170"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3604806"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Jong-Uk Park, Eun Yeon Joo, and Kyoung-Joung Lee.","author":"Erdenebayar Urtnasan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Urtnasan Erdenebayar, Yoon Ji Kim, Jong-Uk Park, Eun Yeon Joo, and Kyoung-Joung Lee. 2019. Deep learning approaches for automatic detection of sleep apnea events from an electrocardiogram. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine 180 (2019), 105001."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Principles and practice of sleep medicine","author":"Greenberg Harly","unstructured":"Harly Greenberg, Viera Lakticova, and Steven M Scharf. 2017. Obstructive sleep apnea: clinical features, evaluation, and principles of management. In Principles and practice of sleep medicine. Elsevier, 1110\u20131124."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irbm.2018.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPSN.2016.7460676"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhenhua Jia Amelie Bonde Sugang Li Chenren Xu Jingxian Wang Yanyong Zhang Richard E Howard and Pei Zhang. 2017. Monitoring a person's heart rate and respiratory rate on a shared bed using geophones. 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1145\/3131672.3131679"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3131672.3131679"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6506"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020297"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PerCom59722.2024.10494473"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juan F Masa Jaime Corral Ricardo Pereira Joaquin Duran-Cantolla Marta Cabello Luis Hern\u00e1ndez-Blasco Carmen Monasterio Alberto Alonso Eusebi Chiner Jose Zamorano et al. 2011. Therapeutic decision-making for sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome using home respiratory polygraphy: a large multicentric study. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 184 8 (2011) 964\u2013971.","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201103-0428OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2742647.2742674"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"A Time Series is Worth 64Words: Long-term Forecasting with Transformers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.14730","author":"Nie Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Y Nie. 2022. A Time Series is Worth 64Words: Long-term Forecasting with Transformers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.14730 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27497"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3055031.3055077"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0934"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411843"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7640"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3534137"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8460"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.1.2001008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehdi Shokoueinejad Chris Fernandez Emily Carroll Fa Wang Jake Levin Sam Rusk Nick Glattard Ashley Mulchrone Xuan Zhang Ailiang Xie et al. 2017. Sleep apnea: a review of diagnostic sensors algorithms and therapies. Physiological measurement 38 9 (2017) R204.","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6ec6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC51166.2024.10622995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3316674"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3678514"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3666025.3699412"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3729464"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199601113340207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Accessed","author":"Geophone Sunfull","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sunfull Geophone. 2021. 4.5 Hz Geophone Specifications. https:\/\/vibraphone.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Sunfull-4.5Hz.pdf. Accessed: Oct. 27, 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"425","article-title":"AASM criteria for scoring respiratory events: interaction between apnea sensor and hypopnea definition","volume":"35","author":"Thornton Andrew T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Andrew T Thornton, Parmjit Singh, Warren R Ruehland, and Peter D Rochford. 2012. AASM criteria for scoring respiratory events: interaction between apnea sensor and hypopnea definition. Sleep 35, 3 (2012), 425\u2013432.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3519302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3051124"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Feature Selection and Synthesis. In 2025 IEEE\/ACM Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies (CHASE). IEEE, 134\u2013138","author":"Zhang Yida","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yida Zhang, Jiayu Chen, Yingjian Song, Zixuan Zeng, Xiang Zhang, Qin Lu, Bradley G Phillips, Zaipeng Xie, and Wenzhan Song. 2025. Blood Pressure Estimation from Vibration Signals via Coarse-to-Fine Contrastive Learning, Feature Selection and Synthesis. In 2025 IEEE\/ACM Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies (CHASE). IEEE, 134\u2013138."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3810211","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:07:00Z","timestamp":1781543220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3810211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3810211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3810211","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}