{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:01:55Z","timestamp":1784797315152,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":88,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Health Emergencies and Pandemics"},{"name":"NSERC","award":["Discovery"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discovery"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3811242.3819106","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T08:11:46Z","timestamp":1784794306000},"page":"255-267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\"Is This Not Enough?\": Asymmetries in Institutional Accountability and Collective Sensemaking in the Case of Canada's Algorithmic Visa Triage System"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5704-8804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dipto","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8674-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2452-0687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Ishtiaque","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0073-2378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shion","family":"Guha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saar Alon-Barkat and Madalina Busuioc. 2024. Public administration meets artificial intelligence: Towards a meaningful behavioral research agenda on algorithmic decision-making in government. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration 7 (2024).","DOI":"10.30636\/jbpa.71.261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louise Amoore. 2006. Biometric borders: Governing mobilities in the war on terror. Political geography 25 3 (2006) 336\u2013351.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polgeo.2006.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mike Ananny and Kate Crawford. 2018. Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability. new media & society 20 3 (2018) 973\u2013989.","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816676645"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Julia Angwin Jeff Larson Surya Mattu and Lauren Kirchner. 2016. Machine Bias: There\u2019s software used across the country to predict future criminals. And it\u2019s biased against blacks. (2016). https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"Patients of the state: The politics of waiting in Argentina","author":"Auyero Javier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Javier Auyero. 2020. Patients of the state: The politics of waiting in Argentina. Duke University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Jinze Bai Shuai Bai Yunfei Chu Zeyu Cui Kai Dang Xiaodong Deng Yang Fan Wenbin Ge Yu Han Fei Huang et\u00a0al. 2023. Qwen technical report. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2309.16609 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagadivya Balasubramaniam Marjo Kauppinen Antti Rannisto Kari Hiekkanen and Sari Kujala. 2023. Transparency and explainability of AI systems: From ethical guidelines to requirements. Information and Software Technology 159 (2023) 107197.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2023.107197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eric\u00a0PS Baumer David Mimno Shion Guha Emily Quan and Geri\u00a0K Gay. 2017. Comparing grounded theory and topic modeling: Extreme divergence or unlikely convergence? Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 68 6 (2017) 1397\u20131410.","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23786"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dani\u00e8le B\u00e9langer and Gabriel Bergevin-Estable. 2025. Revisiting \u2018who gets in\u2019: borders and migration management in the era of automation and AI in Canada. AI & SOCIETY (2025) 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-025-02602-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Didier Bigo. 2002. Security and immigration: Toward a critique of the governmentality of unease. Alternatives 27 1_suppl (2002) 63\u201392.","DOI":"10.1177\/03043754020270S105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reuben Binns. 2018. Algorithmic accountability and public reason. Philosophy & technology 31 4 (2018) 543\u2013556.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-017-0263-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6352.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evelyn\u00a0Z Brodkin. 2011. Policy work: Street-level organizations under new managerialism. Journal of public administration research and theory 21 suppl_2 (2011) i253\u2013i277.","DOI":"10.1093\/jopart\/muq093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190493028.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351200677-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madalina Busuioc. 2021. Accountable artificial intelligence: Holding algorithms to account. Public administration review 81 5 (2021) 825\u2013836.","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.13293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolas Chartier-Edwards Marek Blottiere and Jonathan Roberge. 2025. AI statecraft heating-up: the automation of governance through Canada\u2019s Chinook case study. AI & SOCIETY 40 2 (2025) 765\u2013774.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-024-01903-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jianfen Chen Shyam Pandey and Sweta Baniya. 2025. Navigating immigration as an alien: A critical interface analysis of the US citizenship and immigration services website. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication (2025).","DOI":"10.1109\/TPC.2025.3528758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juliet\u00a0M Corbin and Anselm Strauss. 1990. Grounded theory research: Procedures canons and evaluative criteria. Qualitative sociology 13 1 (1990) 3\u201321.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00988593"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karl de Fine\u00a0Licht and Jenny de Fine\u00a0Licht. 2020. Artificial intelligence transparency and public decision-making: Why explanations are key when trying to produce perceived legitimacy. AI & society 35 4 (2020) 917\u2013926.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-020-00960-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025659"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicholas Diakopoulos. 2016. Accountability in algorithmic decision making. Commun. ACM 59 2 (2016) 56\u201362.","DOI":"10.1145\/2844110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3172944.3172961"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858494"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_27_2","volume-title":"Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor","author":"Eubanks V.","year":"2018","unstructured":"V. Eubanks. 2018. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. St. Martin\u2019s Press. https:\/\/books.google.ca\/books?id=pn4pDwAAQBAJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heike Felzmann Eduard\u00a0Fosch Villaronga Christoph Lutz and Aurelia Tam\u00f2-Larrieux. 2019. Transparency you can trust: Transparency requirements for artificial intelligence between legal norms and contextual concerns. Big Data & Society 6 1 (2019) 2053951719860542.","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951719860542"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timnit Gebru Jamie Morgenstern Briana Vecchione Jennifer\u00a0Wortman Vaughan Hanna Wallach Hal\u00a0Daum\u00e9 Iii and Kate Crawford. 2021. Datasheets for datasets. Commun. ACM 64 12 (2021) 86\u201392.","DOI":"10.1145\/3458723"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellen\u00a0P Goodman and Julia Trehu. 2022. Algorithmic auditing: Chasing AI accountability. Santa Clara High Tech. LJ 39 (2022) 289.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4227350"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuel Groesch Alena Birrer Natascha Just and Florian Saurwein. 2025. Big data small answers: How the DSA Transparency Database falls short of its regulatory objectives. Telecommunications Policy (2025) 103088.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2025.103088"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"Maarten Grootendorst. 2022. BERTopic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based TF-IDF procedure. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/2203.05794 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"M Haataja L van\u00a0de Fliert and P Rautio. 2020. Public AI Registers: Realising AI transparency and civic participation in government use of AI. Whitepaper Version 1 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghassan Hage et\u00a0al. 2009. Waiting out the crisis: On stuckedness and governmentality. Anthropological theory 5 1 (2009) 463\u2013475.","DOI":"10.1177\/1463499605059232"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Refugees and Citizenship\u00a0Canada Immigration. 2025. Algorithmic Impact Assessment - Advanced Analytics Triage of Overseas Temporary Resident Visa Applications - Open Government Portal. https:\/\/open.canada.ca\/data\/en\/dataset\/6cba99b1-ea2c-4f8a-b954-3843ecd3a7f0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658960","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","author":"Kaushal Rishabh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rishabh Kaushal, Jacob Van De\u00a0Kerkhof, Catalina Goanta, Gerasimos Spanakis, and Adriana Iamnitchi. 2024. Automated transparency: A legal and empirical analysis of the digital services act transparency database. In Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. 1121\u20131132."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rob Kitchin and Gavin McArdle. 2016. What makes Big Data Big Data? Exploring the ontological characteristics of 26 datasets. Big data & society 3 1 (2016) 2053951716631130.","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951716631130"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445937"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maciej Kuziemski and Gianluca Misuraca. 2020. AI governance in the public sector: Three tales from the frontiers of automated decision-making in democratic settings. Telecommunications policy 44 6 (2020) 101976.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2020.101976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koen Leurs and Kevin Smets. 2018. Five questions for digital migration studies: Learning from digital connectivity and forced migration in (to) Europe. Social media+ society 4 1 (2018) 2056305118764425.","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305118764425"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_42_2","volume-title":"Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public service","author":"Lipsky Michael","year":"2010","unstructured":"Michael Lipsky. 2010. Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public service. Russell sage foundation."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_43_2","unstructured":"Jessica Mach. 2026. Lack of clarity on how immigration officials use automated tools leads lawyers to launch monitoring org. https:\/\/www.canadianlawyermag.com\/practice-areas\/immigration\/lack-of-clarity-on-how-immigration-officials-use-automated-tools-leads-lawyers-to-launch-monitoring-org\/393784. [Accessed: March 18 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leland McInnes John Healy Steve Astels et\u00a0al. 2017. HDBSCAN: Hierarchical density-based clustering. J. Open Source Softw. 2 11 (2017) 205.","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00205"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_45_2","unstructured":"Leland McInnes John Healy and James Melville. 2018. UMAP: Uniform manifold approximation and projection for dimension reduction. arXiv preprint arXiv:https:\/\/arXiv.org\/abs\/1802.03426 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445935"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287596"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mareike M\u00f6hlmannn Carolina Alves\u00a0de Lima\u00a0Salge and Marco Marabelli. 2023. Algorithm sensemaking: how platform workers make sense of algorithmic management. Journal of the Association for Information Systems 24 1 (2023) 35\u201364.","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00774"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_49_2","volume-title":"Bots at the Gate: A Human Rights Analysis of Automated Decision-Making in Canada\u2019s Immigration and Refugee System","author":"Molnar Petra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petra Molnar and Lex Gill. 2018. Bots at the Gate: A Human Rights Analysis of Automated Decision-Making in Canada\u2019s Immigration and Refugee System. Technical Report Research Report No. 114. The Citizen Lab and International Human Rights Program, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, Toronto."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713232"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMW51313.2020.00114","volume-title":"2020 International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW)","author":"Mukherjee Sourav","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sourav Mukherjee, Tim Oates, Vince DiMascio, Huguens Jean, Rob Ares, David Widmark, and Jaclyn Harder. 2020. Immigration document classification and automated response generation. In 2020 International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW). IEEE, 782\u2013789."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2957276.2957280"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_53_2","unstructured":"Maya Murad. 2021. Beyond the\" Black Box\": Enabling Meaningful Transparency of Algorithmic Decision-Making Systems through Public Registers. Ph.\u00a0D. Dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_54_2","unstructured":"National Research Council Canada. 2025. Peer Review for Advanced Analytics Triage of Overseas Temporary Resident Visa Applications. https:\/\/open.canada.ca\/data\/en\/dataset\/6cba99b1-ea2c-4f8a-b954-3843ecd3a7f0\/resource\/3ad57506-42ea-4916-8e5f-d06ea01e449b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_56_2","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2021. Directive on Automated Decision-Making. https:\/\/www.tbs-sct.canada.ca\/pol\/doc-eng.aspx?id=32592. [Accessed: March 15 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_57_2","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2022. CIMM \u2014 Chinook Development and Implementation in Decision-Making. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/immigration-refugees-citizenship\/corporate\/transparency\/committees\/cimm-feb-15-17-2022\/chinook-development-implementation-decision-making.html. [Accessed: March 18 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_58_2","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2025. Gender-based Analysis Plus (GBA Plus). https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/women-gender-equality\/gender-based-analysis-plus.html. [Accessed: March 1 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_59_2","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2025. Government of Canada AI Register (Minimum Viable Product) - GC AI Register (MVP). https:\/\/open.canada.ca\/data\/en\/dataset\/fcbc0200-79ba-4fa4-94a6-00e32facea6b\/resource\/369f6f34-148a-42ed-b581-8c164e941a89. [Accessed: December 16 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_60_2","unstructured":"Government of Canada. 2026. Algorithmic Impact Assessment tool. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/government\/system\/digital-government\/digital-government-innovations\/responsible-use-ai\/algorithmic-impact-assessment.html. [Accessed: March 1 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayowa Oluwasanmi. 2021. Algorithms & the Border: The Human Rights Implications of Automated Decision Systems in Canadian Immigration. Federalism-E 22 1 (2021) 87\u201398.","DOI":"10.24908\/fede.v22i1.14516"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindsay Poirier. 2021. Reading datasets: Strategies for interpreting the politics of data signification. Big Data & Society 8 2 (2021) 20539517211029322.","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211029322"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173677"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372873"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joanna Redden. 2018. Democratic governance in an age of datafication: Lessons from mapping government discourses and practices. Big Data & Society 5 2 (2018) 2053951718809145.","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951718809145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_67_2","unstructured":"Joanna Redden Jessica Brand Ina Sander Harry Warne A Grant and D White. 2022. Automating public services: Learning from cancelled systems. Cardiff UK: Data Justice Lab Cardiff University 30 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joanna Redden Lina Dencik and Harry Warne. 2020. Datafied child welfare services: unpacking politics economics and power. Policy Studies 41 5 (2020) 507\u2013526.","DOI":"10.1080\/01442872.2020.1724928"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devansh Saxena Karla Badillo-Urquiola Pamela\u00a0J Wisniewski and Shion Guha. 2021. A framework of high-stakes algorithmic decision-making for the public sector developed through a case study of child-welfare. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5 CSCW2 (2021) 1\u201341.","DOI":"10.1145\/3476089"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devansh Saxena and Shion Guha. 2024. Algorithmic harms in child welfare: Uncertainties in practice organization and street-level decision-making. ACM Journal on Responsible Computing 1 1 (2024) 1\u201332.","DOI":"10.1145\/3616473"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581308"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_72_2","unstructured":"Andrew\u00a0D Selbst. 2021. An institutional view of algorithmic impact assessments. Harv. JL & Tech. 35 (2021) 117."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287598"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nando Sigona. 2012. \u2018I have too much baggage\u2019: the impacts of legal status on the social worlds of irregular migrants. Social Anthropology\/Anthropologie Sociale 20 1 (2012) 50\u201365.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8676.2011.00191.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372870"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christopher Starke Janine Baleis Birte Keller and Frank Marcinkowski. 2022. Fairness perceptions of algorithmic decision-making: A systematic review of the empirical literature. Big Data & Society 9 2 (2022) 20539517221115189.","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517221115189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_77_2","unstructured":"Robert\u00a0M. Steinman and Naomi-Edith Barandereka. 2023. Chinook: Immigration Canada\u2019s new tool for immigration applications. https:\/\/www.mccarthy.ca\/en\/insights\/blogs\/spotlight-can-asia\/chinook-immigration-canadas-new-tool-immigration-applications. [Accessed: March 18 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_78_2","unstructured":"Lucy Suchman. 2002. Located accountabilities in technology production. Scandinavian journal of information systems 14 2 (2002) 7."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amaury Trujillo Tiziano Fagni and Stefano Cresci. 2025. The DSA Transparency Database: Auditing self-reported moderation actions by social media. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 9 2 (2025) 1\u201328.","DOI":"10.1145\/3711085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandra Wachter Brent Mittelstadt and Chris Russell. 2017. Counterfactual explanations without opening the black box: Automated decisions and the GDPR. Harv. JL & Tech. 31 (2017) 841.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3063289"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376813"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3461702.3462580"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karl\u00a0E Weick Kathleen\u00a0M Sutcliffe and David Obstfeld. 2005. Organizing and the process of sensemaking. Organization science 16 4 (2005) 409\u2013421.","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1050.0133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_85_2","unstructured":"Etienne Wenger et\u00a0al. 1998. Communities of practice: Learning as a social system. Systems thinker 9 5 (1998) 2\u20133."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372833"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kayah Williams and Sarita Schoenebeck. 2025. African Immigrants User Experience with USCIS. gov: A Critical Analysis of a Government-Issued Website Related to Immigration. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 9 7 (2025) 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.1145\/3757547"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brita Ytre-Arne and Hallvard Moe. 2021. Folk theories of algorithms: Understanding digital irritation. Media Culture & Society 43 5 (2021) 807\u2013824.","DOI":"10.1177\/0163443720972314"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mike Zajko. 2023. Automated Government Benefits and Welfare Surveillance. Surveillance & Society 21 3 (Sept. 2023) 246\u2013258. 10.24908\/ss.v21i3.16107","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v21i3.16107"}],"event":{"name":"COMPASS '26: ACM SIGCAS\/SIGCHI Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies","location":"Virtual Event USA","acronym":"COMPASS '26","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction","SIGCAS ACM Special Interest Group on Computers and Society"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 ACM SIGCAS\/SIGCHI Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T08:18:35Z","timestamp":1784794715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3811242.3819106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3811242.3819106","10.1145\/3811242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3811242.3819106","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}