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Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AI decision-support tools typically offer a fixed type of assistance, like AI recommendations and explanations, regardless of the specific decision, individual, or broader context. This fixed design has been shown to hinder both human-AI decision accuracy and human skill improvement in the task. We posit that AI assistance needs to be dynamic, changing in response to contextual factors (e.g., AI uncertainty, task difficulty), individual differences, and specified objectives (e.g., decision accuracy, skill improvement). To enable such adaptive support, we propose Reinforcement Learning (RL) as a general approach for modeling human-AI decision-making to optimize human-AI interaction for diverse objectives. RL enables optimizing various objectives in AI-assisted decision-making by tailoring and adaptively providing decision support to humans\u2014the right type of assistance, to the right person, at the right time. We instantiated our approach with two objectives: human-AI accuracy on the decision-making task and human skill improvement (i.e., learning about the task) and learned decision support policies from previous human-AI interaction data. We compared the optimized policies against several baselines in AI-assisted decision-making. Across two experiments (N\u2009=\u2009316 and N\u2009=\u2009964), our results consistently demonstrated that people interacting with policies optimized for accuracy achieve significantly higher accuracy\u2014and even human-AI complementarity\u2014compared to those interacting with any other type of AI support. Our results further indicated that human learning was more difficult to optimize than accuracy. While the policies learned the best available actions to optimize learning, participants who interacted with learning-optimized policies showed significant learning improvement only at times. Our research (1) demonstrates offline RL to be a promising approach to model the dynamics of human-AI decision-making, leading to policies that may optimize various objectives and provide novel insights about the AI-assisted decision-making space, and (2) emphasizes the importance of considering skill improvement and other human-centric objectives beyond accuracy in AI-assisted decision-making, opening up the novel research challenge of optimizing human-AI interaction for such objectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3815418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T14:02:54Z","timestamp":1779372174000},"page":"1-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Offline Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive Support in AI-Assisted Decision-Making"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2644-6065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zana","family":"Bu\u00e7inca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sloan and EECS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5345-8844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siddharth","family":"Swaroop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4244-9511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda E.","family":"Paluch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2032-4286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan A.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1897-9048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof Z.","family":"Gajos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EECS, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Can we have pro-worker AI","volume":"123","author":"Acemoglu Daron","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daron Acemoglu, David Autor, and Simon Johnson. 2023. 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