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Archit. Code Optim."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Key-value (KV) separation has emerged as a pivotal solution to tackle write amplification in LSM-tree-based KV stores (LSM stores). However, the garbage collection (GC) mechanism essential for reclaiming obsolete values introduces substantial overheads: (i)\u00a0Additional LSM-tree I\/O operations degrade foreground performance and cause data inconsistency issues; (ii) Exacerbated write amplification arises from excessive valid data migration in update-intensive workloads. Moreover, existing GC optimization schemes fundamentally struggle to balance space overhead, write amplification, and system performance. In this article, we propose HeapKV, a high-performance KV-separated LSM store that improves GC efficiency through three key technologies: (i)\u00a0A lightweight two-level index and a global garbage view decouple GC operations of value storage from the LSM-tree, eliminating additional I\/O operations; (ii)\u00a0A novel valid data migration scheme mitigates write amplification during space reclamation by in-place overwrites and logical data copying; (iii)\u00a0SSD-conscious I\/O optimizations featuring asynchronous value flushing, fast read paths and concurrent prefetching for range queries. Extensive experiments demonstrate that HeapKV achieves 40%\u20137.4\u00d7 higher throughput under diverse workloads with lower write\/space amplification, compared to other state-of-the-art KV-separated LSM stores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3817051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T20:40:48Z","timestamp":1780519248000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HeapKV: Enabling Efficient Garbage Collection for KV-Separated LSM Stores on Modern SSDs"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7757-4083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3685-7033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanhui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4997-0209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nengjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3440-4460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiguang","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3754-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bisheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PingCAP","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8024-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PingCAP","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3046-4458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinpeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PingCAP","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4907-9065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PingCAP","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPASS48437.2020.00031"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2020.2982640"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"Btrfs Documentation Team. 2025. 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