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Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Recent efforts have aimed to improve AI models in legal case matching by integrating legal domain knowledge. However, successful legal case matching requires the tacit knowledge of legal practitioners, which is difficult to verbalize and encode into models. This emphasizes the crucial role of involving legal practitioners in high-stakes legal case matching. To address this, we propose a collaborative matching framework called\n                    <jats:sc>Co-Matching<\/jats:sc>\n                    , which encourages both the model and the legal practitioner to participate in the matching process, integrating tacit knowledge. Unlike existing methods that rely solely on the model,\n                    <jats:sc>Co-Matching<\/jats:sc>\n                    allows both the legal practitioner and the model to determine key sentences and then combine them probabilistically.\n                    <jats:sc>Co-Matching<\/jats:sc>\n                    introduces a method called\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ProtoEM<\/jats:italic>\n                    to estimate human decision uncertainty, facilitating the probabilistic combination. Experimental results demonstrate that\n                    <jats:sc>Co-Matching<\/jats:sc>\n                    consistently outperforms existing legal case matching methods, delivering significant performance improvements over human- and model-based matching in isolation (on average, +5.51% and +8.71%, respectively). Further analysis shows that\n                    <jats:sc>Co-Matching<\/jats:sc>\n                    also ensures better human\u2013model collaboration effectiveness. Our study represents an effort in human\u2013model collaboration for the legal case matching task, marking a milestone for future collaborative matching studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3818676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:41:00Z","timestamp":1780580460000},"page":"1-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>Co-Matching<\/scp>\n                    : Towards Human\u2013Model Collaborative Legal Case Matching"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3542-7085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3390-1051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinwei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8122-5943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1704-2260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenqiang","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6551-3884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiancheng","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6097-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tat-Seng","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tapas Kanungo David M. 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