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Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Images serve as a crucial medium for communication, presenting information in a visually engaging format that enables rapid comprehension of key points. Moreover, during transmission and storage, images may also contain substantial amounts of sensitive information. If not properly managed, this information can be exploited for personal gain, potentially infringing on privacy rights and other legal entitlements. Consequently, researchers have proposed various approaches for preserving image privacy and have published reviews that provide comprehensive and methodical summaries of these approaches. However, existing reviews tend to be categorized either by specific scenarios, such as image privacy concerns in social networks, intelligent surveillance systems for video monitoring, and environmentally assistive living, or by specific privacy objectives, such as facial privacy. This classification limits the reader\u2019s ability to grasp a holistic understanding of image privacy protection and poses challenges in developing a unified perspective of the subject that spans different scenarios and privacy objectives. Instead of examining image privacy protection from a single aspect, considering user needs is more effective in achieving comprehensive understanding. To address this gap, we conduct a systematic review of image privacy protection approaches based on privacy protection goals. Specifically, we define the attribute known as privacy-sensitive domains and use it as the primary classification dimension to construct a comprehensive framework for image privacy protection that encompasses various scenarios and privacy objectives. This framework offers a deep understanding of the multilayered aspects of image privacy by categorizing its protection into three levels: data-level image privacy protection, content-level image privacy protection, and feature-level image privacy protection. For each category, we analyse the main approaches and features of image privacy protection and systematically review representative solutions. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions of image privacy protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3818678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T20:57:18Z","timestamp":1781297838000},"page":"1-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Image Privacy Protection: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3098-4640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenying","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5590-8584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziye","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8183-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yushu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5532-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3250-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangli","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3631-1890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruoyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6946-3586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuming","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Metaphysics","year":"1933","unstructured":"Aristotle. 1933. 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