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Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Accompanied by the rapid integration of information technology, communication technology and control technology, the industrial control system is gradually evolving into a cyber-physical production system (CPPS), with flexibilization and intelligence as its main goals. CPPS is a system that integrates computer science, information technology and physical manufacturing processes, organically combines digital manufacturing and physical manufacturing, and realizes real-time monitoring, intelligent manufacturing and flexible production. Cloud-edge collaborative CPPS, as the main method and foundation of CPPSs, can ensure the real-time and reliable operation of dynamic tasks through intelligent decision-making on the edge, which provides a new solution for flexibilization and intelligence and is a common research hotspot between industries and academics. 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