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Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Conditionally automated vehicles require drivers to remain hazard-aware while disengaged from driving and engaged in Non-Driving Related Tasks (NDRTs) Conventional visual warning interfaces do not fully address this attentional conflict. While psychological research demonstrates that social cues are processed more efficiently than visual information, this has never been evaluated for safety\u2013critical warnings in conditionally automated driving. This article presents the first empirical investigation into using a virtual agent to indicate danger and aid situational awareness while driver performs an NDRT. Across two experiments (n = 48), hazard prediction ability was assessed with either a visual cue or a virtual agent cueing danger. When including an attention-capturing element, both visual and social cue types mitigated driver distraction, maintaining hazard prediction comparable with undistracted driving. These findings suggest that virtual agents can be as effective as conventional visual cues in aiding situational awareness in safety\u2013critical automated driving contexts, offering design insights for in-vehicle attentional displays supporting driver awareness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3820654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:06:50Z","timestamp":1781269610000},"page":"1-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of Using a Virtual Agent to Signal Danger on Hazard Prediction Ability in Conditionally Automated Driving"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6229-7936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Goodge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7212-4622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Pollick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9720-3899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Brewster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glasgow Interactive Systems Section, School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the \u201cGaze in Human-Robot Interaction\u201d Workshop at HRI","author":"Admoni Henny","year":"2012","unstructured":"Henny Admoni and Brian Scassellati. 2012. 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