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Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Over the past years, progressive methods have demonstrated promising performance in single image de-raining task. Nonetheless, current methods still struggle to precisely remove rain and preserve more image details during the progressive de-raining process, resulting in undesirable local artifacts or image detail loss. To tackle these limitations, a novel progressive approach, called\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Uncertainty-driven Progressive Single Image De-raining<\/jats:italic>\n                    (UPSID), is proposed. Firstly, a powerful internal-and-external dense sub-network is devised, which effectively integrates three proper and flexible components, including dense connection, long short-term memory, and channel attention. Subsequently, the sub-network is further unfolded into multiple recurrent stages to form a progressive de-raining network. Finally, the overall progressive de-raining network is trained with an\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">adaptive weighted loss<\/jats:italic>\n                    to focus more on challenging pixels that characterize rain or texture\/edge regions. Extensive quantitative and qualitative experiments confirm that the proposed UPSID outperforms multiple state-of-the-art algorithms, including single-stage, progressive, and uncertainty-driven single image de-raining methods. Additionally, this article also demonstrates the superiority of UPSID for other similar image restoration tasks such as single image de-snowing. The code will be publicly available at\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Lcai-QZ\/UPSID\">https:\/\/github.com\/Lcai-QZ\/UPSID<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3820760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:06:29Z","timestamp":1781791589000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Uncertainty-driven Progressive Single Image De-raining"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6020-1609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8840-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianqing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2802-7745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huanqiang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China and School of Optoelectronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1247-9749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen Solex High-Tech Industries Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3244-6459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5596-4013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5043-2552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenkang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2022.3207516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3764866"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2014.2308627"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01205"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3556133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2023.103819"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2024.3377136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","volume-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Cui Yuning","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuning Cui, Yi Tao, Zhenshan Bing, Wenqi Ren, Xinwei Gao, Xiaochun Cao, Kai Huang, and Alois Knoll. 2023. 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