{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T06:59:28Z","timestamp":1785135568181,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":39,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3821162.3822300","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T06:05:44Z","timestamp":1785132344000},"page":"120-127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SilentDNS: Acoustic Side-Channel-Assisted Inference for Device Fingerprinting and State Detection under Encrypted Network Traffic"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5713-4030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haozhe","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8480-0827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8727-4228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Computer Technology and Applications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3155-2198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuegang","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Computer Technology and Applications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2762-4089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Computer Technology and Applications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4149-3331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Computer Technology and Applications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0941-2437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maolin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"John Althouse. 2023. JA4+ Network Fingerprinting. FoxIO https:\/\/github.com\/FoxIO-LLC\/ja4."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_3_2","first-page":"1723","volume-title":"Proc. ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD)","author":"Anderson Blake","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blake Anderson and David McGrew. 2017. Machine Learning for Encrypted Malware Traffic Classification: Accounting for Noisy Labels and Non-Stationarity. In Proc. ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD). ACM, Halifax, NS, Canada, 1723\u20131732."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_4_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. Workshop on Data and Algorithmic Transparency","author":"Apthorpe Noah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noah Apthorpe, Dillon Reisman, and Nick Feamster. 2017. A Smart Home is No Castle: Privacy Vulnerabilities of Encrypted IoT Traffic. In Proc. Workshop on Data and Algorithmic Transparency. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_5_2","first-page":"307","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Security Symposium","author":"Backes Michael","year":"2010","unstructured":"Michael Backes, Markus D\u00fcrmuth, Sebastian Gerling, Manfred Pinkal, and Caroline Sporleder. 2010. Acoustic Side-Channel Attacks on Printers. In Proc. USENIX Security Symposium. USENIX Association, Washington, DC, USA, 307\u2013322."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_6_2","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Proc. ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)","author":"Cai Xiang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xiang Cai, Rishab Nithyanand, Tao Wang, Rob Johnson, and Ian Goldberg. 2014. A Systematic Approach to Developing and Evaluating Website Fingerprinting Defenses. In Proc. ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). ACM, Scottsdale, AZ, USA, 227\u2013238. Tamaraw defense."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_7_2","first-page":"1597","volume-title":"Proc. International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)","author":"Chen Ting","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ting Chen, Simon Kornblith, Mohammad Norouzi, and Geoffrey Hinton. 2020. A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representations. In Proc. International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). PMLR, Virtual Event, 1597\u20131607."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"CISA. 2021. Advanced Persistent Threat Compromise of Government Agencies Critical Infrastructure and Private Sector Organizations. Alert AA20-352A."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_9_2","first-page":"332","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P)","author":"Dyer Kevin\u00a0P.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kevin\u00a0P. Dyer, Scott\u00a0E. Coull, Thomas Ristenpart, and Thomas Shrimpton. 2012. Peek-a-Boo, I Still See You: Why Efficient Traffic Analysis Countermeasures Fail. In Proc. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P). IEEE, San Francisco, CA, USA, 332\u2013346."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_10_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS)","author":"Faruque Mohammad Abdullah\u00a0Al","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mohammad Abdullah\u00a0Al Faruque, Sujit\u00a0Rokka Chhetri, Arani Canedo, and Jiang Wan. 2016. Acoustic Side-Channel Attacks on Additive Manufacturing Systems. In Proc. ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS). IEEE, Vienna, Austria, 1\u201310."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_11_2","first-page":"853","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P)","author":"Genkin Daniel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daniel Genkin, Mihir Pattani, Roei Schuster, and Eran Tromer. 2019. Synesthesia: Detecting Screen Content via Remote Acoustic Side Channels. In Proc. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P). IEEE, San Francisco, CA, USA, 853\u2013869."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_12_2","first-page":"444","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology \u2013 CRYPTO","author":"Genkin Daniel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Daniel Genkin, Adi Shamir, and Eran Tromer. 2014. RSA Key Extraction via Low-Bandwidth Acoustic Cryptanalysis. In Advances in Cryptology \u2013 CRYPTO. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 444\u2013461."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_13_2","first-page":"717","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Security Symposium","author":"Gong Jiajun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiajun Gong and Tao Wang. 2020. Zero-delay Lightweight Defenses Against Website Fingerprinting. In Proc. USENIX Security Symposium. USENIX Association, Virtual Event, 717\u2013734."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_14_2","first-page":"1558","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P)","author":"Gong Jiajun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiajun Gong, Wuqi Zhang, Charles Zhang, and Tao Wang. 2022. Surakav: Generating Realistic Traces for a Strong Website Fingerprinting Defense. In Proc. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P). IEEE, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1558\u20131573."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"Google. 2024. HTTPS Encryption on the Web \u2014 Google Transparency Report. https:\/\/transparencyreport.google.com\/https\/overview."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_16_2","first-page":"270","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW)","author":"Harrison Joshua","year":"2023","unstructured":"Joshua Harrison, Ehsan Toreini, and Maryam Mehrnezhad. 2023. A Practical Deep Learning-Based Acoustic Side Channel Attack on Keyboards. In Proc. IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW). IEEE, Delft, Netherlands, 270\u2013281."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryoichi Ishibashi Daichi Hasumi and Ken Naono. 2025. PACKETCLIP: Multi-Modal Embedding of Network Traffic and Language for Cybersecurity Reasoning. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 8 (2025) 1593944.","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2025.1593944"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jana Iyengar and Martin Thomson. 2021. QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport. RFC 9000.","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC9000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_19_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS)","author":"Jin Minhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Minhao Jin, Zhiyuan Yang, Xiang Yin, Shize Zhang, Zhiliang Wang, and Jiahai Yang. 2024. Low-Quality Training Data Only? A Robust Framework for Detecting Encrypted Malicious Network Traffic. In Proc. Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS). Internet Society, San Diego, CA, USA, 1\u201318."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James Kirkpatrick Razvan Pascanu Neil Rabinowitz Joel Veness Guillaume Desjardins Andrei\u00a0A. Rusu Kieran Milan John Quan Tiago Ramalho Agnieszka Grabska-Barwinska Demis Hassabis Claudia Clopath Dharshan Kumaran and Raia Hadsell. 2017. Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting in Neural Networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 13 (2017) 3521\u20133526.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611835114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_21_2","first-page":"905","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P)","author":"Kwong Andrew","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andrew Kwong, Wenyuan Xu, and Kevin Fu. 2019. Hard Drive of Hearing: Disks that Eavesdrop with a Spindle Motor. In Proc. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P). IEEE, San Francisco, CA, USA, 905\u2013919."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_22_2","first-page":"633","volume-title":"Proc. ACM Web Conference (WWW)","author":"Lin Xinjie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xinjie Lin, Gang Xiong, Gaopeng Gou, Zhen Li, Junzheng Shi, and Jing Yu. 2022. ET-BERT: A Contextualized Datagram Representation with Pre-training Transformers for Encrypted Traffic Classification. In Proc. ACM Web Conference (WWW). ACM, Virtual Event, Lyon, France, 633\u2013642."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_23_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P)","author":"Liu Zhuotao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhuotao Liu, Guangmeng Zhou, Ke Xu, and Qi Li. 2025. TrafficFormer: An Efficient Pre-trained Model for Traffic Classification. In Proc. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P). IEEE, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1\u201319."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_24_2","first-page":"4765","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)","author":"Lundberg Scott\u00a0M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scott\u00a0M. Lundberg and Su-In Lee. 2017. A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictions. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). Curran Associates, Long Beach, CA, USA, 4765\u20134774."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_25_2","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Proc. Python in Science Conference (SciPy)","author":"McFee Brian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brian McFee, Colin Raffel, Dawen Liang, Daniel\u00a0P.W. Ellis, Matt McVicar, Eric Battenberg, and Oriol Nieto. 2015. librosa: Audio and Music Signal Analysis in Python. In Proc. Python in Science Conference (SciPy). SciPy, Austin, TX, USA, 18\u201324."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_26_2","first-page":"1137","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P)","author":"Milajerdi Sadegh\u00a0M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sadegh\u00a0M. Milajerdi, Rigel Gjomemo, Birhanu Eshete, R. Sekar, and V.N. Venkatakrishnan. 2019. HOLMES: Real-Time APT Detection through Correlation of Suspicious Information Flows. In Proc. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P). IEEE, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1137\u20131152."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_27_2","first-page":"8748","volume-title":"Proc. International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)","author":"Radford Alec","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alec Radford, Jong\u00a0Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, Gretchen Krueger, and Ilya Sutskever. 2021. Learning Transferable Visual Models from Natural Language Supervision. In Proc. International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). PMLR, Virtual Event, 8748\u20138763."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Md\u00a0Sayed\u00a0Tanveer Rahman Mohsen Imani Nate Mathews and Matthew Wright. 2021. Mockingbird: Defending Against Deep-Learning-Based Website Fingerprinting Attacks with Adversarial Traces. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 16 (2021) 1594\u20131609.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.3039691"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander Ratner Stephen\u00a0H. Bach Henry Ehrenberg Jason Fries Sen Wu and Christopher R\u00e9. 2018. Snorkel: Rapid Training Data Creation with Weak Supervision. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 11 3 (2018) 269\u2013282.","DOI":"10.14778\/3157794.3157797"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3355369.3355577"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eric Rescorla. 2018. The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3. RFC 8446.","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8446"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_32_2","unstructured":"Eric Rescorla Kazuho Oku Nick Sullivan and Christopher\u00a0A. Wood. 2024. TLS Encrypted Client Hello. IETF Internet-Draft."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arunan Sivanathan Hassan\u00a0Habibi Gharakheili Franco Loi Adam Radford Chamith Wijenayake Arun Vishwanath and Vijay Sivaraman. 2019. Classifying IoT Devices in Smart Environments Using Network Traffic Characteristics. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 18 8 (2019) 1745\u20131759.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2018.2866249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usman Tariq Imdad\u00a0Ali Ismaili Sujit\u00a0Rokka Chhetri Surya Nepal and Cecile Paris. 2025. Alert Fatigue in Cybersecurity: A Systematic Survey. Comput. Surveys 57 9 (2025) 1\u201338.","DOI":"10.1145\/3723158"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_35_2","unstructured":"Aaron van\u00a0den Oord Yazhe Li and Oriol Vinyals. 2018. Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Coding. arXiv:1807.03748."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_36_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS)","author":"Ede Thijs van","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thijs van Ede, Riccardo Bortolameotti, Andrea Continella, Jingjing Ren, Daniel\u00a0J. Dubois, Martina Lindorfer, David Choffnes, Maarten van Steen, and Andreas Peter. 2020. FlowPrint: Semi-Supervised Mobile-App Fingerprinting on Encrypted Network Traffic. In Proc. Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS). Internet Society, San Diego, CA, USA, 1\u201318."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_37_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS)","author":"Wang Kai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kai Wang, Zhiliang Wang, Dongqi Han, Wenqi Chen, Jiahai Yang, Xingang Shi, and Xia Yin. 2023. BARS: Local Robustness Certification for Deep Learning Based Traffic Analysis Systems. In Proc. Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS). Internet Society, San Diego, CA, USA, 1\u201318."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_38_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS)","author":"Wright Charles\u00a0V.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Charles\u00a0V. Wright, Scott\u00a0E. Coull, and Fabian Monrose. 2009. Traffic Morphing: An Efficient Defense Against Statistical Traffic Analysis. In Proc. Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS). Internet Society, San Diego, CA, USA, 1\u201315."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_39_2","first-page":"4333","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Security Symposium","author":"Xie Renjie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Renjie Xie, Jiahao Cao, Enhuan Dong, Mingwei Xu, Kun Sun, Qi Li, Licheng Shen, and Menghao Zhang. 2023. Rosetta: Enabling Robust TLS Encrypted Traffic Classification in Diverse Network Environments with TCP-Aware Traffic Augmentation. In Proc. USENIX Security Symposium. USENIX Association, Anaheim, CA, USA, 4333\u20134350."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_40_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)","author":"Yang Zhiyuan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhiyuan Yang, Minhao Jin, Shize Zhang, Xiao Zhang, Zhiliang Wang, and Jiahai Yang. 2025. MM4Flow: A Pre-trained Multi-modal Model for Versatile Network Traffic Analysis. In Proc. ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1\u201315."}],"event":{"name":"CNCIT 2026: 2026 5th International Conference on Networks, Communications and Information Technology","location":"Chongqing China","acronym":"CNCIT 2026"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2026 5th International Conference on Networks, Communications and Information Technology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3821162.3822300","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T06:06:01Z","timestamp":1785132361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3821162.3822300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3821162.3822300","10.1145\/3821162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3821162.3822300","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}