{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T22:32:55Z","timestamp":1770676375017,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]],"date-time":"2002-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1025481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Good information design depends on clarifying the meaningful structure in an image. We describe a computational approach to stylizing and abstracting photographs that explicitly responds to this design goal. Our system transforms images into a line-drawing style using bold edges and large regions of constant color. To do this, it represents images as a hierarchical structure of parts and boundaries computed using state-of-the-art computer vision. Our system identifies the meaningful elements of this structure using a model of human perception and a record of a user's eye movements in looking at the photo; the system renders a new image using transformations that preserve and highlight these visual elements. Our method thus represents a new alternative for non-photorealistic rendering both in its visual style, in its approach to visual form, and in its techniques for interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/566654.566650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,7]],"date-time":"2002-10-07T13:52:47Z","timestamp":1033998767000},"page":"769-776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":206,"title":["Stylization and abstraction of photographs"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Doug","family":"DeCarlo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers University"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Santella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers University"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH","author":"AGRAWALA M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"AGRAWALA , M. , AND STOLTE , C. 2001 . Rendering effective route maps: improving usability through generalization . In Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH 2001, 241 - 249 . 10.1145\/383259.383286 AGRAWALA, M., AND STOLTE, C. 2001. Rendering effective route maps: improving usability through generalization. In Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH 2001, 241-249. 10.1145\/383259.383286"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.546258"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1983.1095851","article-title":"The Laplacian pyramid as a compact image code","volume":"31","author":"BURT P.","year":"1983","unstructured":"BURT , P. , AND ADELSON , E. 1983 . The Laplacian pyramid as a compact image code . IEEE Trans. on Communications 31 , 4 , 532 - 540 . BURT, P., AND ADELSON, E. 1983. The Laplacian pyramid as a compact image code. IEEE Trans. on Communications 31, 4, 532-540.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. on Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008574","article-title":"Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings","volume":"197","author":"CAMPBELL F.","year":"1968","unstructured":"CAMPBELL , F. , AND ROBSON , J. 1968 . Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings . Journal of Physiology 197 , 551 - 566 . CAMPBELL, F., AND ROBSON, J. 1968. Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings. Journal of Physiology 197, 551-566.","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proc. ICPR","author":"CHRISTOUDIAS C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"CHRISTOUDIAS , C. , GEORGESCU , B. , AND MEER , P. 2002 . Synergism in low level vision . In Proc. ICPR 2002. CHRISTOUDIAS, C., GEORGESCU, B., AND MEER, P. 2002. Synergism in low level vision. In Proc. ICPR 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.1000236"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH 1999 Course Notes #17 (Section 9).","author":"CURTIS C.","year":"1999","unstructured":"CURTIS , C. 1999 . Non-photorealistic animation . In ACM SIGGRAPH 1999 Course Notes #17 (Section 9). CURTIS, C. 1999. Non-photorealistic animation. In ACM SIGGRAPH 1999 Course Notes #17 (Section 9)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH","author":"DEUSSEN O.","year":"2000","unstructured":"DEUSSEN , O. , AND STROTHOTTE , T. 2000 . Computer-generated pen-and-ink illustration of trees . In Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH 2000, 13 - 18 . 10.1145\/344779.344792 DEUSSEN, O., AND STROTHOTTE, T. 2000. Computer-generated pen-and-ink illustration of trees. In Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH 2000, 13-18. 10.1145\/344779.344792"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH 2000 Course Notes #5.","author":"DUCHOWSKI A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"DUCHOWSKI , A. , AND VERTEGAAL , R. 2000 . Eye-based interaction in graphical systems: Theory and practice . In ACM SIGGRAPH 2000 Course Notes #5. DUCHOWSKI, A., AND VERTEGAAL, R. 2000. Eye-based interaction in graphical systems: Theory and practice. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2000 Course Notes #5."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/83.855439"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, 71-82","author":"DURAND F.","year":"2001","unstructured":"DURAND , F. , OSTROMOUKHOV , V. , MILLER , M. , DURANLEAU , F. , AND DORSEY , J. 2001 . Decoupling strokes and high-level attributes for interactive traditional drawing . In Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, 71-82 . DURAND, F., OSTROMOUKHOV, V., MILLER, M., DURANLEAU, F., AND DORSEY, J. 2001. Decoupling strokes and high-level attributes for interactive traditional drawing. In Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, 71-82."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/192161.192223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice","author":"FOLEY J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"FOLEY , J. , VAN DAM , A. , FEINER , S. , AND HUGHES , J. 1997 . Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice , 2 nd edition. Addison Wesley . FOLEY, J., VAN DAM, A., FEINER, S., AND HUGHES, J. 1997. Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, 2nd edition. Addison Wesley.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GOOCH B. AND GOOCH A. 2001. Non-Photorealistic Rendering. A K Peters.   GOOCH B. AND GOOCH A. 2001. Non-Photorealistic Rendering. A K Peters.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439864173"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/280814.280950"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/97879.97902"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"HANDFORD M. 1987. Where's Waldo? Little Brown and Company.  HANDFORD M. 1987. Where's Waldo? Little Brown and Company."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Eye Guidance in Reading and Scene Perception","author":"HENDERSON J. M.","unstructured":"HENDERSON , J. M. , AND HOLLINGWORTH , A. 1998. Eye movements during scene viewing: An overview . In Eye Guidance in Reading and Scene Perception , G. Underwood, Ed. Elsevier Science Ltd ., 269-293. HENDERSON, J. M., AND HOLLINGWORTH, A. 1998. Eye movements during scene viewing: An overview. In Eye Guidance in Reading and Scene Perception, G. Underwood, Ed. Elsevier Science Ltd., 269-293."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/38.963456"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"517","volume-title":"Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH","author":"HERTZMANN A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"HERTZMANN , A. , AND ZORIN , D. 2000 . Illustrating smooth surfaces . In Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH 2000, 517 - 526 . 10.1145\/344779.345074 HERTZMANN, A., AND ZORIN, D. 2000. Illustrating smooth surfaces. In Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH 2000, 517-526. 10.1145\/344779.345074"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/280814.280951"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Paint by relaxation","author":"HERTZMANN A.","year":"2001","unstructured":"HERTZMANN , A. 2001 . Paint by relaxation . In Computer Graphics International , 47 - 54 . HERTZMANN, A. 2001. Paint by relaxation. In Computer Graphics International, 47-54.","journal-title":"Computer Graphics International"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Visual intelligence: how we create what we see","author":"HOFFMAN D. D.","unstructured":"HOFFMAN , D. D. 1998. Visual intelligence: how we create what we see . Norton . HOFFMAN, D. D. 1998. Visual intelligence: how we create what we see. Norton."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(76)90015-3","article-title":"Eye fixations and cognitive processes","volume":"8","author":"JUST M. A.","year":"1976","unstructured":"JUST , M. A. , AND CARPENTER , P. A. 1976 . Eye fixations and cognitive processes . Cognitive Psychology 8 , 441 - 480 . JUST, M. A., AND CARPENTER, P. A. 1976. Eye fixations and cognitive processes. Cognitive Psychology 8, 441-480.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.1.000107","article-title":"Retinal inhomogenity: I. spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity","volume":"74","author":"KELLY D.","year":"1984","unstructured":"KELLY , D. 1984 . Retinal inhomogenity: I. spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity . Journal of the Optical Society of America A 74 , 1 , 107 - 113 . KELLY, D. 1984. Retinal inhomogenity: I. spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 74, 1, 107-113.","journal-title":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.68.000850","article-title":"Perimetry of contrast detection thresholds of moving spatial sine wave patterns. II. the far peripheral visual field (eccentricity 0-50)","volume":"68","author":"KOENDERINK J. J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"KOENDERINK , J. J. , M. A. BOUMAN , A. B. D. M., AND SLAPPENDEL , S. 1978 . Perimetry of contrast detection thresholds of moving spatial sine wave patterns. II. the far peripheral visual field (eccentricity 0-50) . Journal of the Optical Society of America A 68 , 6 , 850 - 854 . KOENDERINK, J. J., M. A. BOUMAN, A. B. D. M., AND SLAPPENDEL, S. 1978. Perimetry of contrast detection thresholds of moving spatial sine wave patterns. II. the far peripheral visual field (eccentricity 0-50). Journal of the Optical Society of America A 68, 6, 850-854.","journal-title":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00336961","article-title":"The structure of images","volume":"50","author":"KOENDERINK J. J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"KOENDERINK , J. J. 1984 . The structure of images . Biological Cybernetics 50 , 363 - 370 . KOENDERINK, J. J. 1984. The structure of images. Biological Cybernetics 50, 363-370.","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1068\/p130321","article-title":"What does the occluding contour tell us about solid shape","volume":"13","author":"KOENDERINK J. J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"KOENDERINK , J. J. 1984 . What does the occluding contour tell us about solid shape ? Perception 13 , 321 - 330 . KOENDERINK, J. J. 1984. What does the occluding contour tell us about solid shape? Perception 13, 321-330.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/311535.311607"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"causality, mind","author":"LEYTON M.","unstructured":"LEYTON , M. 1992. Symmetry , causality, mind . MIT Press . LEYTON, M. 1992. Symmetry, causality, mind. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Scale-Space Theory in Computer Vision","author":"LINDEBERG T.","unstructured":"LINDEBERG , T. 1994. Scale-Space Theory in Computer Vision . Kluwer Academic Publishers . LINDEBERG, T. 1994. Scale-Space Theory in Computer Vision. Kluwer Academic Publishers."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/258734.258893"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210264","article-title":"The gaze selects informative details within pictures","volume":"2","author":"MACKWORTH N.","year":"1967","unstructured":"MACKWORTH , N. , AND MORANDI , A. 1967 . The gaze selects informative details within pictures . Perception and Psychophysics 2 , 547 - 552 . MACKWORTH, N., AND MORANDI, A. 1967. The gaze selects informative details within pictures. Perception and Psychophysics 2, 547-552.","journal-title":"Perception and Psychophysics"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1974.1055250","article-title":"The effects of a visual fidelity criterion on the encoding of images","volume":"20","author":"MANNOS J. L.","year":"1974","unstructured":"MANNOS , J. L. , AND SAKRISON , D. J. 1974 . The effects of a visual fidelity criterion on the encoding of images . IEEE Trans. on Information Theory 20 , 4 , 525 - 536 . MANNOS, J. L., AND SAKRISON, D. J. 1974. The effects of a visual fidelity criterion on the encoding of images. IEEE Trans. on Information Theory 20, 4, 525-536.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. on Information Theory"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/258734.258894"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information","author":"MARR D.","year":"1982","unstructured":"MARR , D. 1982 . Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information . W. H. Freeman , San Francisco . MARR, D. 1982. Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.977560"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/280814.280922"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/38.946633"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Color, Texture, Motion and Binocular Disparity","author":"REGAN D.","unstructured":"REGAN , D. 2000. Human Perception of Objects: Early Visual Processing of Spatial Form Defined by Luminance , Color, Texture, Motion and Binocular Disparity . Sinauer . REGAN, D. 2000. Human Perception of Objects: Early Visual Processing of Spatial Form Defined by Luminance, Color, Texture, Motion and Binocular Disparity. Sinauer."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236819","article-title":"An estimation and application of the human cortical magnification factor","volume":"37","author":"ROVAMO J.","year":"1979","unstructured":"ROVAMO , J. , AND VIRSU , V. 1979 . An estimation and application of the human cortical magnification factor . Experimental Brain Research 37 , 495 - 510 . ROVAMO, J., AND VIRSU, V. 1979. An estimation and application of the human cortical magnification factor. Experimental Brain Research 37, 495-510.","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/97879.97901"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Second International Symp. on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering (NPAR). 10","author":"SANTELLA A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"SANTELLA , A. , AND DECARLO , D. 2002 . Abstracted painterly renderings using eye-tracking data . In Proc. of the Second International Symp. on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering (NPAR). 10 .1145\/508530.508544 SANTELLA, A., AND DECARLO, D. 2002. Abstracted painterly renderings using eye-tracking data. In Proc. of the Second International Symp. on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering (NPAR). 10.1145\/508530.508544"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the First International Symp. on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering (NPAR), 53-58","author":"SHIRAISHI M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"SHIRAISHI , M. , AND YAMAGUCHI , Y. 2000 . An algorithm for automatic painterly rendering based on local source image approximation . In Proc. of the First International Symp. on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering (NPAR), 53-58 . 10.1145\/340916.340923 SHIRAISHI, M., AND YAMAGUCHI, Y. 2000. An algorithm for automatic painterly rendering based on local source image approximation. In Proc. of the First International Symp. on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering (NPAR), 53-58. 10.1145\/340916.340923"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Proc. CHI 2000","author":"SIBERT L. E.","year":"2000","unstructured":"SIBERT , L. E. , AND JACOB , R. J. K. 2000 . Evaluation of eye gaze interaction . In Proc. CHI 2000 , 281 - 288 . 10.1145\/332040.332445 SIBERT, L. E., AND JACOB, R. J. K. 2000. Evaluation of eye gaze interaction. In Proc. CHI 2000, 281-288. 10.1145\/332040.332445"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Introductory Techniques for 3-D Computer Vision","author":"TRUCCO E.","unstructured":"TRUCCO , E. , AND VERRI , A. 1998. Introductory Techniques for 3-D Computer Vision . Prentice-Hall . TRUCCO, E., AND VERRI, A. 1998. Introductory Techniques for 3-D Computer Vision. Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Envisioning Information","author":"TUFTE E. R.","unstructured":"TUFTE , E. R. 1990. Envisioning Information . Graphics Press . TUFTE, E. R. 1990. Envisioning Information. Graphics Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1145\/302979.303065","volume-title":"Proc. CHI '99","author":"VERTEGAAL R.","year":"1999","unstructured":"VERTEGAAL , R. 1999 . The gaze groupware system: Mediating joint attention in mutiparty communication and collaboration . In Proc. CHI '99 , 294 - 301 . 10.1145\/302979.303065 VERTEGAAL, R. 1999. The gaze groupware system: Mediating joint attention in mutiparty communication and collaboration. In Proc. CHI '99, 294-301. 10.1145\/302979.303065"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/192161.192184"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Eye Movements and Vision","author":"YARBUS A. L.","unstructured":"YARBUS , A. L. 1967. Eye Movements and Vision . Plenum Press . YARBUS, A. L. 1967. Eye Movements and Vision. Plenum Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Inner Vision: An Exploration of Art and the Brain","author":"ZEKI S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"ZEKI , S. 1999 . Inner Vision: An Exploration of Art and the Brain . Oxford Univ. Press . ZEKI, S. 1999. Inner Vision: An Exploration of Art and the Brain. Oxford Univ. Press."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/566654.566650","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/566654.566650","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T17:24:31Z","timestamp":1750267471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/566654.566650"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/566654.566650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/566654.566650","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-0301","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-07-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}