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ACM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ever since the days of Shannon's proposal for a chess-playing algorithm [12] and Samuel's checkers-learning program [10] the domain of complex board games such as Go, chess, checkers, Othello, and backgammon has been widely regarded as an ideal testing ground for exploring a variety of concepts and approaches in artificial intelligence and machine learning. Such board games offer the challenge of tremendous complexity and sophistication required to play at expert level. At the same time, the problem inputs and performance measures are clear-cut and well defined, and the game environment is readily automated in that it is easy to simulate the board, the rules of legal play, and the rules regarding when the game is over and determining the outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/203330.203343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T07:32:13Z","timestamp":1027755133000},"page":"58-68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1064,"title":["Temporal difference learning and TD-Gammon"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Gerald","family":"Tesauro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, P.O. 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Advances in Neura;l Information Processiong System 2, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo. Calif., (1990), 524-532."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","volume-title":"Mateo. Calif.","author":"Fawcett T.E.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fawcett , T.E. and Utgoff P.E . Automatic feature Generation for problem solving Systems. In D. Sleeman and P. Edwards Eds., Machine Learning: Proceeding's of the Ninth International Workshop, Morgan Kaufmann , Mateo. Calif. , 1992 , 144-153, Fawcett, T.E. and Utgoff P.E. Automatic feature Generation for problem solving Systems. In D. Sleeman and P. Edwards Eds., Machine Learning: Proceeding's of the Ninth International Workshop, Morgan Kaufmann, Mateo. Calif., 1992, 144-153,"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(89)90020-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","volume-title":"Univ of Montreal","author":"Isabelle J.-F.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Isabelle , J.-F. Auto-apprentissage, a paide de research de neurones, de fonctions heuristic utilities dans les. jeux strageties Master's thesis . Univ of Montreal , 1993 Isabelle, J.-F. Auto-apprentissage, a paide de research de neurones, de fonctions heuristic utilities dans les. jeux strageties Master's thesis. Univ of Montreal, 1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","unstructured":"Magreal P. Backgammon Times Books Newyork 19736.  Magreal P. Backgammon Times Books Newyork 19736."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"2","volume":"2","author":"Robertie B","year":"1992","unstructured":"Robertie . B , Carbonm Versus silicon: Matching wits with TD-Gammon. Inside Backmonnom 2 , 2 , ( 1992 ), 14-22. Robertie. B, Carbonm Versus silicon: Matching wits with TD-Gammon. Inside Backmonnom 2, 2, (1992), 14-22.","journal-title":"TD-Gammon. Inside Backmonnom"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5236.001.0001","volume-title":"Parellel Distributed Processing","author":"Rumelhart D. E.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rumelhart , D. E. , Hinton . G.E. and Williams , R. J . Learning internal representation by error propogation . In D. Rumelhart and J. McClelland Eds., Parellel Distributed Processing , Vol. 1 . MIT Press . Cambridge, Mass., 1986 . Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton. G.E. and Williams, R. J.Learning internal representation by error propogation. In D. Rumelhart and J. McClelland Eds., Parellel Distributed Processing, Vol. 1. MIT Press. Cambridge, Mass., 1986."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuel A. Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers Ibm J. of Research and Deveopment 3. (1959) 210-229  Samuel A. Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers Ibm J. of Research and Deveopment 3. (1959) 210-229","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.33.0210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"817","volume-title":"J. D, Cowan, el al. Eds., Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 6","author":"Schraudolph N.N.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schraudolph , N.N. D Ayan P. and Sjnoeski , Tj> Temporal difference learning of positoin evaluation in the game of Go. In J. D, Cowan, el al. Eds., Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 6 , 817 - 824 .Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo , Calif 1994 Schraudolph, N.N. DAyan P. and Sjnoeski, Tj> Temporal difference learning of positoin evaluation in the game of Go. In J. D, Cowan, el al. Eds., Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 6, 817-824.Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, Calif 1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"265","volume":"41","author":"Shannon C.E","year":"1950","unstructured":"Shannon , C.E Programming a Computer for Playing Chess. Philosophical Mag , 41 , ( 1950 ), 265 - 275 . Shannon, C.E Programming aComputer for Playing Chess. Philosophical Mag,41, (1950), 265-275.","journal-title":"Computer for Playing Chess. 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