{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T21:58:50Z","timestamp":1777413530038,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":25,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3461702.3462631","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T01:21:32Z","timestamp":1627694492000},"page":"757-766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Towards Accountability in the Use of Artificial Intelligence for Public Administrations"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Michele","family":"Loi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Spielkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AlgorithmWatch, Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"City of Helsinki","author":"AI Now Institute","unstructured":"AI Now Institute , City of Amsterdam , City of Helsinki , Mozilla Foundation,and Nesta. [n.d.]. Using procurement instruments to ensure trustworthy AI. https:\/\/assets.mofoprod.net\/network\/documents\/Using_procurement_instruments_to_ensure_trustworthy_AI.pdf AI Now Institute, City of Amsterdam, City of Helsinki, Mozilla Foundation,and Nesta. [n.d.]. Using procurement instruments to ensure trustworthy AI. https:\/\/assets.mofoprod.net\/network\/documents\/Using_procurement_instruments_to_ensure_trustworthy_AI.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Adrien Bennetot, Siham Tabik, Alberto Barbado, Salvador Garc\u00eda, Sergio Gil-L\u00f3pez, Daniel Molina, Richard Benjamins, Raja Chatila, and Francisco Herrera.","author":"Arrieta Alejandro Barredo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alejandro Barredo Arrieta , Natalia D\u00edaz-Rodr\u00edguez , Javier Del Ser , Adrien Bennetot, Siham Tabik, Alberto Barbado, Salvador Garc\u00eda, Sergio Gil-L\u00f3pez, Daniel Molina, Richard Benjamins, Raja Chatila, and Francisco Herrera. 2019 . Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, Taxonomies , Opportunities and Challenges toward Responsible AI. arXiv:1910.10045 [cs] (Dec. 2019). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1910.10045 arXiv: 1910.10045. Alejandro Barredo Arrieta, Natalia D\u00edaz-Rodr\u00edguez, Javier Del Ser, Adrien Bennetot, Siham Tabik, Alberto Barbado, Salvador Garc\u00eda, Sergio Gil-L\u00f3pez, Daniel Molina, Richard Benjamins, Raja Chatila, and Francisco Herrera. 2019. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, Taxonomies, Opportunities and Challenges toward Responsible AI.arXiv:1910.10045 [cs] (Dec. 2019). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1910.10045 arXiv: 1910.10045."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Technical Report.","author":"Automated Decision Systems Task Force. 2019.New York City Automated Decision Systems Task Force Report.","year":"1920","unstructured":"Automated Decision Systems Task Force. 2019.New York City Automated Decision Systems Task Force Report. Technical Report. New York City . https:\/\/www1.nyc.gov\/assets\/adstaskforce\/downloads\/pdf\/ADS-Report-11 1920 19.pdf Automated Decision Systems Task Force. 2019.New York City Automated Decision Systems Task Force Report. Technical Report. New York City. https:\/\/www1.nyc.gov\/assets\/adstaskforce\/downloads\/pdf\/ADS-Report-11192019.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Childress","author":"Beauchamp Tom L.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tom L. Beauchamp and James F . Childress . 2008 . Principles of Biomedical Ethics(6. ed. ed.). Oxford University Press , New York. Tom L. Beauchamp and James F. Childress. 2008. Principles of Biomedical Ethics(6. ed. ed.). Oxford University Press, New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Explainable Machine Learning. arXiv:2009.11698 [cs, stat] (Sept","author":"Belle Vaishak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaishak Belle and Ioannis Papantonis . 2020. Principles and Practice of Explainable Machine Learning. arXiv:2009.11698 [cs, stat] (Sept . 2020 ). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2009.11698 arXiv: 2009.11698. Vaishak Belle and Ioannis Papantonis. 2020. Principles and Practice of Explainable Machine Learning. arXiv:2009.11698 [cs, stat] (Sept. 2020). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2009.11698 arXiv: 2009.11698."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Anna-Katharina Boos. 2020. Getting clear on accountability in automated decision-making: a conceptual and normative inquiry. https:\/\/ecpr.eu\/Events\/Event\/PaperDetails\/54635  Anna-Katharina Boos. 2020. Getting clear on accountability in automated decision-making: a conceptual and normative inquiry. https:\/\/ecpr.eu\/Events\/Event\/PaperDetails\/54635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Cities for Digital Rights. 2020. Declaration of Cities Coalition for Digital Rights. https:\/\/citiesfordigitalrights.org\/declaration  Cities for Digital Rights. 2020. Declaration of Cities Coalition for Digital Rights. https:\/\/citiesfordigitalrights.org\/declaration"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Independent High-Level Expert Group On Artificial Intelligence Set Up By The European Commission. 2019. Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI.https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/digital-single-market\/en\/news\/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai  Independent High-Level Expert Group On Artificial Intelligence Set Up By The European Commission. 2019. Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI.https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/digital-single-market\/en\/news\/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Council of Europe. 2020.Recommendation CM\/Rec(2020)1 on the human rights impacts of algorithmic systems. Technical Report. Strasbourg. https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/09000016809e1154  Council of Europe. 2020.Recommendation CM\/Rec(2020)1 on the human rights impacts of algorithmic systems. Technical Report. Strasbourg. https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/09000016809e1154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"D Dawson E Schleiger J Horton J McLaughlin and C Robinson. 2020. Artificial Intelligence: Australia's Ethics Framework. Technical Report. https:\/\/consult.industry.gov.au\/strategic-policy\/artificial-intelligence-ethics-framework\/supporting_documents\/ArtificialIntelligenceethicsframeworkdiscussionpaper.pdf  D Dawson E Schleiger J Horton J McLaughlin and C Robinson. 2020. Artificial Intelligence: Australia's Ethics Framework. Technical Report. https:\/\/consult.industry.gov.au\/strategic-policy\/artificial-intelligence-ethics-framework\/supporting_documents\/ArtificialIntelligenceethicsframeworkdiscussionpaper.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Algorithmic Decision-Making Based on Machine Learning from Big Data: Can Transparency Restore Accountability?Philosophy & Technology 31, 4 (Dec","author":"de Laat Paul B.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paul B. de Laat . 2018. Algorithmic Decision-Making Based on Machine Learning from Big Data: Can Transparency Restore Accountability?Philosophy & Technology 31, 4 (Dec . 2018 ), 525--541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-017-0293-z Paul B. de Laat. 2018. Algorithmic Decision-Making Based on Machine Learning from Big Data: Can Transparency Restore Accountability?Philosophy & Technology 31, 4 (Dec. 2018), 525--541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-017-0293-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"European Commission. 2020. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Single Market for Digital Services (digital Services Act) and Amending Directive 2000\/31\/Ec. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:52020PC0825&from=en  European Commission. 2020. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Single Market for Digital Services (digital Services Act) and Amending Directive 2000\/31\/Ec. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:52020PC0825&from=en"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951719860542"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2016.0112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in Society","volume":"1","author":"Floridi Luciano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luciano Floridi and Josh Cowls . 2019 . A Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in Society . Harvard Data Science Review 1 , 1 (July 2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/99608f92.8cd550d1 Luciano Floridi and Josh Cowls. 2019. A Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in Society. Harvard Data Science Review 1, 1 (July 2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/99608f92.8cd550d1","journal-title":"Harvard Data Science Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Quelle transparence pour les algorithmes d'apprentissage machine? Revue fran\u00e7aise d'Intelligence Artificielle 32, 4","author":"Ibnouhsein Mohamed Issam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohamed Issam Ibnouhsein and Ma\u00ebl P\u00e9gny . 2018. Quelle transparence pour les algorithmes d'apprentissage machine? Revue fran\u00e7aise d'Intelligence Artificielle 32, 4 ( 2018 ). https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01877760\/document Mohamed Issam Ibnouhsein and Ma\u00ebl P\u00e9gny. 2018. Quelle transparence pour les algorithmes d'apprentissage machine? Revue fran\u00e7aise d'Intelligence Artificielle 32, 4 (2018). https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01877760\/document"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","first-page":"633","article-title":"Accountable Algorithms","volume":"165","author":"Kroll Joshua A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joshua A. Kroll , Solon Barocas , Edward W. Felten , Joel R. Reidenberg , David G. Robinson , and Harlan Yu . 2016 . Accountable Algorithms . University of Pennsylvania Law Review 165 (2016), 633 . https:\/\/heinonline.org\/HOL\/Page?handle=hein.journals\/pnlr165&id=648&div=&collection= Joshua A. Kroll, Solon Barocas, Edward W. Felten, Joel R. Reidenberg, David G.Robinson, and Harlan Yu. 2016. Accountable Algorithms. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 165 (2016), 633. https:\/\/heinonline.org\/HOL\/Page?handle=hein.journals\/pnlr165&id=648&div=&collection=","journal-title":"University of Pennsylvania Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"David Leslie. 2019. Understanding artificial intelligence ethics and safety. arXivpreprint arXiv:1906.05684(2019).  David Leslie. 2019. Understanding artificial intelligence ethics and safety. arXivpreprint arXiv:1906.05684(2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Transparency as design publicity: explaining and justifying inscrutable algorithms. Ethics and Information Technology(Oct","author":"Loi Michele","year":"2020","unstructured":"Michele Loi , Andrea Ferrario , and Eleonora Vigan\u00f2 . 2020. Transparency as design publicity: explaining and justifying inscrutable algorithms. Ethics and Information Technology(Oct . 2020 ). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-020-09564-w Michele Loi, Andrea Ferrario, and Eleonora Vigan\u00f2. 2020. Transparency as design publicity: explaining and justifying inscrutable algorithms. Ethics and Information Technology(Oct. 2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-020-09564-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SDS49233.2020.00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Meaningful Human Control over Autonomous Systems: A Philosophical Account. Frontiers in Robotics and AI5","author":"de Sio Filippo Santoni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Filippo Santoni de Sio and Jeroen Van den Hoven . 2018. Meaningful Human Control over Autonomous Systems: A Philosophical Account. Frontiers in Robotics and AI5 ( 2018 ). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2018.00015 Filippo Santoni de Sio and Jeroen Van den Hoven. 2018. Meaningful Human Control over Autonomous Systems: A Philosophical Account. Frontiers in Robotics and AI5 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2018.00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","first-page":"841","article-title":"Counterfactual explanations without opening the black box: Automated decisions and the GDPR. (2017)","volume":"31","author":"Wachter Sandra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sandra Wachter , Brent Mittelstadt , and Chris Russell . 2017 . Counterfactual explanations without opening the black box: Automated decisions and the GDPR. (2017) . Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 31 (2017), 841 . Sandra Wachter, Brent Mittelstadt, and Chris Russell. 2017. Counterfactual explanations without opening the black box: Automated decisions and the GDPR. (2017). Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 31 (2017), 841.","journal-title":"Harvard Journal of Law & Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Transparent predictions. U. Ill. L. Rev. (2013), 1503","author":"Zarsky Tal Z.","unstructured":"Tal Z. Zarsky . 2013. Transparent predictions. U. Ill. L. Rev. (2013), 1503 . Publisher :HeinOnline. Tal Z. Zarsky. 2013. Transparent predictions. U. Ill. L. Rev. (2013), 1503. Publisher:HeinOnline."}],"event":{"name":"AIES '21: AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","location":"Virtual Event USA","acronym":"AIES '21","sponsor":["SIGAI ACM Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence","AAAI"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3461702.3462631","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3461702.3462631","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:17:06Z","timestamp":1750191426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3461702.3462631"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3461702.3462631","10.1145\/3461702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3461702.3462631","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-07-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}