{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:13:12Z","timestamp":1790856792240,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1984,8,1]],"date-time":"1984-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":460166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Commun. ACM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>New users of high-function application systems can become frustrated and confused by the errors they make in the early stages of learning. A training interface for a commercial word processor was designed to make typical and troublesome error states \u201cunreachable,\u201d thus eliminating the sources of some new-user learning problems. Creating a training environment from the basic function of the system itself afforded substantially faster learning coupled with better learning achievement and better performance on a comprehension post-test. A control group spent almost a quarter of their time recovering from the error states that the training interface blocked off. We speculate on how this training strategy might be refined, and more generally, on how function should be organized in a user interface.<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/358198.358218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T07:34:59Z","timestamp":1027755299000},"page":"800-806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"title":["Training wheels in a user interface"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"John M.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Carrithers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Univ., New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1984,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.1982.1653888"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"12","volume":"8","author":"Carroll J.M.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Carroll . J.M. Presentation and form in user-interface architecture. BYTE 8 , 12 ( Dec. 1983 ). 113-122. Carroll. J.M. Presentation and form in user-interface architecture. BYTE 8, 12 (Dec. 1983). 113-122.","journal-title":"BYTE"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","volume-title":"Springer-Verlag","author":"Carroll J.M.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Carroll . J.M. and Mack . R.L. Actively learning to use a word processor. In Cognitive Aspects of Skilled Typewriting, W.E. Cooper, ed . Springer-Verlag , New York , 1983 . Carroll. J.M. and Mack. R.L. Actively learning to use a word processor. In Cognitive Aspects of Skilled Typewriting, W.E. Cooper, ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","author":"Carroll J.M.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Carroll , J.M. and Mack , R.L. Learning to use a word processor: By doing, by thinking, and by knowing. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, J.C. Thomas and M. Schneider , eds. ABLEX, Norwood, N.J. , 1984 . Carroll, J.M. and Mack, R.L. Learning to use a word processor: By doing, by thinking, and by knowing. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, J.C. Thomas and M. Schneider, eds. ABLEX, Norwood, N.J., 1984.","journal-title":"eds. ABLEX, Norwood, N.J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","volume-title":"Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education. Mc- Graw-Hill","author":"Ferguson G.A.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Ferguson . G.A. Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education. Mc- Graw-Hill , New York . 1971 . Ferguson. G.A. Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education. Mc- Graw-Hill, New York. 1971."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357436.357440"}],"container-title":["Communications of the ACM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/358198.358218","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/358198.358218","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T12:46:59Z","timestamp":1750164419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/358198.358218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,8]]},"references-count":6,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/358198.358218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/358198.358218","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-0782","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7317","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1984-08-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}