{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T16:44:39Z","timestamp":1793033079425,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1975,6,1]],"date-time":"1975-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":170812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Commun. ACM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1975,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The quality of computer generated images of three-dimensional scenes depends on the shading technique used to paint the objects on the cathode-ray tube screen. The shading algorithm itself depends in part on the method for modeling the object, which also determines the hidden surface algorithm. The various methods of object modeling, shading, and hidden surface removal are thus strongly interconnected. Several shading techniques corresponding to different methods of object modeling and the related hidden surface algorithms are presented here. Human visual perception and the fundamental laws of optics are considered in the development of a shading rule that provides better quality and increased realism in generated images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/360825.360839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T07:34:59Z","timestamp":1027755299000},"page":"311-317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2269,"title":["Illumination for computer generated pictures"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Bui Tuong","family":"Phong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1975,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_2","first-page":"69","volume":"14","author":"Mathematical Applications Group Inc. 3-D simulated graphics.","year":"1968","unstructured":"MAGI, Mathematical Applications Group Inc. 3-D simulated graphics. Datamation 14 ( Feb. 1968 ), 69 . MAGI, Mathematical Applications Group Inc. 3-D simulated graphics. Datamation 14 (Feb. 1968), 69.","journal-title":"Datamation"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"A procedure of detecting intersections of threedimensional objects. Rep. 39,020","author":"Comba P.G.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Comba , P.G. A procedure of detecting intersections of threedimensional objects. Rep. 39,020 , IBM New York Scientific Center , Jan. 1967 . Comba, P.G. A procedure of detecting intersections of threedimensional objects. Rep. 39,020, IBM New York Scientific Center, Jan. 1967."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/321328.321330"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"1","author":"Mahl R.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Mahl , R. Visible surface algorithm for quadric patches. IEEE Trans. C-21 , ( Jan. 1972 ), 1 - 4 . Mahl, R. Visible surface algorithm for quadric patches. IEEE Trans. C-21, (Jan. 1972), 1-4.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. C-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","unstructured":"Catmull E.E. A subdivision algorithm for computer display of curved surfaces. Ph.D th. Dep. of Comput. Sci. U. of Utah.   Catmull E.E. A subdivision algorithm for computer display of curved surfaces. Ph.D th. Dep. of Comput. Sci. U. of Utah."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/356625.356626"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","unstructured":"Bui Tuong Phong and Crow F.C. Improved rendition of polygonal models of curved surfaces. To be presented at the joint USA-Japan Computer Conference.  Bui Tuong Phong and Crow F.C. Improved rendition of polygonal models of curved surfaces. To be presented at the joint USA-Japan Computer Conference."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"4","author":"Warnock J.E.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Warnock , J.E. A hidden-line algorithm for halftone picture representation. Dep . of Comput. Sci., U. of Utah, TR 4 - 15 , 1969 . Warnock, J.E. A hidden-line algorithm for halftone picture representation. Dep. of Comput. Sci., U. of Utah, TR 4-15, 1969.","journal-title":"Comput. Sci., U. of Utah, TR"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","volume-title":"U. of Utah, UTEC-CSc-70-101","author":"Watkins G.S.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Watkins , G.S. A real-time visible surface algorithm. Dep. of Comput. Sci ., U. of Utah, UTEC-CSc-70-101 , June 1970 . Watkins, G.S. A real-time visible surface algorithm. Dep. of Comput. Sci., U. of Utah, UTEC-CSc-70-101, June 1970."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","volume-title":"Proc. ACM 1973 Nat. Conf.","author":"Newell M.E.","unstructured":"Newell , M.E. , Newell , R.G. , and Sancha , T.L . A new approach to the shaded picture problem . Proc. ACM 1973 Nat. Conf. Newell, M.E., Newell, R.G., and Sancha, T.L. A new approach to the shaded picture problem. Proc. ACM 1973 Nat. Conf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","volume-title":"U. of Utah, UTEC-CSc-71-113","author":"Gouraud H.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Gouraud , H. Computer display of curved surfaces. Dep. of Comput. Sci ., U. of Utah, UTEC-CSc-71-113 , June 1971 . Also in IEEE Trans. C- 20 (June 1971), 623-629. Gouraud, H. Computer display of curved surfaces. Dep. of Comput. Sci., U. of Utah, UTEC-CSc-71-113, June 1971. Also in IEEE Trans. C-20 (June 1971), 623-629."}],"container-title":["Communications of the ACM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/360825.360839","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/360825.360839","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T12:46:52Z","timestamp":1750164412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/360825.360839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1975,6]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1975,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/360825.360839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/360825.360839","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1145\/280811.280980","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-0782","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7317","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1975,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1975-06-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}