{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T01:22:13Z","timestamp":1793496133355,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1970,6,1]],"date-time":"1970-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":13046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Commun. ACM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1970,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Future users of large data banks must be protected from having to know how the data is organized in the machine (the internal representation). A prompting service which supplies such information is not a satisfactory solution. Activities of users at terminals and most application programs should remain unaffected when the internal representation of data is changed and even when some aspects of the external representation are changed. Changes in data representation will often be needed as a result of changes in query, update, and report traffic and natural growth in the types of stored information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Existing noninferential, formatted data systems provide users with tree-structured files or slightly more general network models of the data. In Section 1, inadequacies of these models are discussed. A model based on\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    -ary relations, a normal form for data base relations, and the concept of a universal data sublanguage are introduced. In Section 2, certain operations on relations (other than logical inference) are discussed and applied to the problems of redundancy and consistency in the user's model.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/362384.362685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T07:37:49Z","timestamp":1027755469000},"page":"377-387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5127,"title":["A relational model of data for large shared data banks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"E. F.","family":"Codd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Research Lab, San Jose, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1970,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_2","first-page":"162","volume-title":"Proc. IFIP Cong.","author":"CHILDS D. L.","year":"1968","unstructured":"CHILDS, D. L. Feasibility of a set-theoretical data structure -a general structure based on a reconstituted definition of relation. Proc. IFIP Cong., 1968, North Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam, p. 162-172."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/363790.363817"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","volume-title":"Software for random access processing. Datamation (Apr","author":"BACHMAN C. W.","year":"1965","unstructured":"BACHMAN, C. W. Software for random access processing. Datamation (Apr. 1965), 36-41."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Annual Review in Automatic Programming 5, 13","author":"GEE W. C.","year":"1969","unstructured":"McGEE, W. C. Generalized file processing. In Annual Review in Automatic Programming 5, 13, Pergamon Press, New York, 1969, pp. 77-149."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","volume-title":"Application Description Manual H20-0524-1","year":"1968","unstructured":"Information Management System\/360, Application Description Manual H20-0524-1. IBM Corp., White Plains, N. Y., July 1968."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","volume-title":"Application Description Manual H20-0574","author":"GIS","year":"1965","unstructured":"GIS (Generalized Information System), Application Description Manual H20-0574. IBM Corp., White Plains, N. Y., 1965."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800196.805973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","unstructured":"IDS Reference Manual GE 625\/635 GE Inform. Sys. Div. Pheonix Ariz. CPB 1093B Feb. 1968."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","volume-title":"An Introduction to Mathematical Logic I","author":"CHURCH A.","year":"1956","unstructured":"CHURCH, A. An Introduction to Mathematical Logic I. Princeton U. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1956."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","volume-title":"Stanford Artificial Intelligence Rep. AI-66","author":"FELDMAN J. A.","year":"1968","unstructured":"FELDMAN, J. A., AND ROVNER, P.D. An Algol-based associative language. Stanford Artificial Intelligence Rep. AI-66, Aug. 1, 1968."}],"container-title":["Communications of the ACM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/362384.362685","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/362384.362685","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T12:36:05Z","timestamp":1750163765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/362384.362685"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1970,6]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1970,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/362384.362685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/362384.362685","relation":{"is-referenced-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s10586-026-06166-x","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-0782","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7317","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1970,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1970-06-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}