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Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    With the advancement of digital transformation, Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are becoming increasingly open and intelligent. However, inherent vulnerabilities in ICS protocols pose significant security threats to devices and systems. The proprietary nature of ICS protocols complicates the security analysis and deployment of protective mechanisms for ICS. Protocol reverse engineering aims to infer the syntax, semantics, and state machines of protocols in the absence of official specifications. Traditional protocol reverse engineering tools face considerable limitations due to the lack of executable environments, incomplete inference strategies, and low-quality network traffic. In this paper, we present\n                    <jats:sc>IcePRE<\/jats:sc>\n                    , a novel data-driven protocol reverse engineering method based on\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">concolic execution<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which uniquely integrates network trace with static analysis. Unlike conventional methods that rely on executable environments,\n                    <jats:sc>IcePRE<\/jats:sc>\n                    statically tracks the program\u2019s parsing process for specific input messages. Furthermore, we employ an innovative field boundary inference strategy to infer the protocol\u2019s syntax by analyzing how the protocol parser handles different fields. Our evaluation demonstrates that\n                    <jats:sc>IcePRE<\/jats:sc>\n                    significantly outperforms previous protocol reverse engineering tools in field boundary inference, achieving an F1 score of 0.76 and a perfection score of 0.67, while DynPRE, BinaryInferno, Nemeys, and Netzob yield (0.65, 0.35), (0.42, 0.14), (0.39, 0.09), and (0.27, 0.10), respectively. These results underscore the superior overall performance of our method. Additionally,\n                    <jats:sc>IcePRE<\/jats:sc>\n                    exhibits exceptional performance with proprietary protocols in real-world scenarios, highlighting its practical applicability in downstream applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3728982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]],"date-time":"2025-06-22T10:52:56Z","timestamp":1750589576000},"page":"2384-2406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["ICEPRE: ICS Protocol Reverse Engineering via Data-Driven Concolic Execution"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1137-9800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yibo","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering at Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of IoT Information Security Technology, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Cyber Security, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7484-1333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongliang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering at Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9919-4653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering at Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9491-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering at Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8805-1221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuaizong","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering at Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1000-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongle","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6578-0680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Limin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering at Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of IoT Information Security Technology, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Cyber Security, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"airpig2011. 2019. 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