{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:24:35Z","timestamp":1787703875107,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1987,8,1]],"date-time":"1987-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":554774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes the basic principles of traditional 2D hand drawn animation and their application to 3D computer animation. After describing how these principles evolved, the individual principles are detailed, addressing their meanings in 2D hand drawn animation and their application to 3D computer animation. This should demonstrate the importance of these principles to quality 3D computer animation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,16]],"date-time":"2005-11-16T09:47:25Z","timestamp":1132134445000},"page":"35-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":257,"title":["Principles of traditional animation applied to 3D computer animation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Lasseter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pixar, San Rafael, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1987,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_2","unstructured":"Abel Image Research 953 N. Highland Ave. Los Angeles CA 90038-2481  Abel Image Research 953 N. Highland Ave. Los Angeles CA 90038-2481"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","unstructured":"Alias Research Inc. 110 Richmond St. East Suite 500 Toronto Ontario Canada m5c- lpl  Alias Research Inc. 110 Richmond St. East Suite 500 Toronto Ontario Canada m5c- lpl"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","volume-title":"Santa Ana CA","author":"Blair Preston","year":"1949","unstructured":"Blair , Preston , Animation , Walter T. Foster , Santa Ana CA , 1949 . Blair, Preston, Animation, Walter T. Foster, Santa Ana CA, 1949."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burmyk Nester and Wein Marceli \"Computer Generated Keyframe Animation \" Journal of the SMVrE 80 pp.149-153 March 1971.  Burmyk Nester and Wein Marceli \"Computer Generated Keyframe Animation \" Journal of the SMVrE 80 pp.149-153 March 1971.","DOI":"10.5594\/J07698"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/360349.360357"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800193.569952"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800248.807414"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/7529.8927"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800031.808590"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","volume-title":"Three Little Pigs, (film)","author":"Walt Disney Productions","year":"1933","unstructured":"Walt Disney Productions , Three Little Pigs, (film) , 1933 . Walt Disney Productions, Three Little Pigs, (film), 1933."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"210","volume-title":"Karma\" A System for Storyboard Animation,\" Procee.ding Ninth Annual UAIDE Meeting","author":"Gracer F.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Gracer , F. , and Blagen , M. W. , \" Karma\" A System for Storyboard Animation,\" Procee.ding Ninth Annual UAIDE Meeting , pp. 210 - 255 , 1970 . Gracer, F., and Blagen, M. W., \"Karma\" A System for Storyboard Animation,\" Procee.ding Ninth Annual UAIDE Meeting, pp. 210-255, 1970."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","unstructured":"Graham Don The Art of Animation unpublished.  Graham Don The Art of Animation unpublished."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","volume-title":"June 21","author":"Graham Don","year":"1937","unstructured":"Graham , Don , transcripts of action analysis class at the Walt Disney Studio , June 21 , 1937 . Graham, Don, transcripts of action analysis class at the Walt Disney Studio, June 21, 1937."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","volume-title":"June 28","author":"Graham Don","year":"1937","unstructured":"Graham , Don , transcripts of action analysis class with Bill Tytla at the Walt Disney Studio , June 28 , 1937 . Graham, Don, transcripts of action analysis class with Bill Tytla at the Walt Disney Studio, June 28, 1937."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","unstructured":"Hardtke lnes and Bartels Richard \"Kinetics for Key-Frame Interpolation \" unpublished.  Hardtke lnes and Bartels Richard \"Kinetics for Key-Frame Interpolation \" unpublished."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800031.808575"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/965141.563871"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","volume-title":"The Adventures of Andre and Wally B., (fdm)","author":"Lucasfilm Ltd","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lucasfilm Ltd . Computer Graphics Div ., The Adventures of Andre and Wally B., (fdm) , 1984 . Lucasfilm Ltd. Computer Graphics Div., The Adventures of Andre and Wally B., (fdm), 1984."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","volume-title":"animation program","author":"Ostby Eben","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ostby , Eben , Duff , Tom , and Reeves , William , Md (motion doctor) , animation program , Lucasfilm Ltd ., 1982 -1986. Ostby, Eben, Duff, Tom, and Reeves, William, Md (motion doctor), animation program, Lucasfilm Ltd., 1982-1986."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","volume-title":"An Art Vision Betrayed","author":"Perine Robert","year":"1985","unstructured":"Perine , Robert , Chouinard , An Art Vision Betrayed , Artra Publishing , Encinitas CA , 1985 . Perine, Robert, Chouinard, An Art Vision Betrayed , Artra Publishing, Encinitas CA, 1985."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","unstructured":"Pixar Luxo Jr. (film) 1986.  Pixar Luxo Jr. (film) 1986."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/965161.806814"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","volume-title":"Sprocket Systems Div.","author":"Rydstrom Gary","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rydstrom , Gary , Soundtraek for Luxo J r ., Sprocket Systems Div. , Lucasfilm Ltd ., July , 1986 . Rydstrom, Gary, Soundtraek for Luxo J r ., Sprocket Systems Div., Lucasfilm Ltd., July, 1986."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","volume-title":"SIGGRAPH '83","author":"Stem Garland","year":"1983","unstructured":"Stem , Garland , \"Bboop-- A System for 3D Keyframe Figure Animation ,\" Tutorial Notes : Introduction to Computer Animation , SIGGRAPH '83 , July 1983 . Stem, Garland, \"Bboop--A System for 3D Keyframe Figure Animation,\" Tutorial Notes: Introduction to Computer Animation , SIGGRAPH '83, July 1983."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","unstructured":"Symbolics Inc. 1401 Westwood Blvd. Los Angeles CA 90024  Symbolics Inc. 1401 Westwood Blvd. Los Angeles CA 90024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","volume-title":"Disney Animation-- The Illusion of Life","author":"Thomas Frank","year":"1981","unstructured":"Thomas , Frank and Johnston , Ollie , Disney Animation-- The Illusion of Life , Abbeville Press , New York , 1981 . Thomas, Frank and Johnston, Ollie, Disney Animation-- The Illusion of Life, Abbeville Press, New York, 1981."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","first-page":"20","volume":"2","author":"Thomas Frank","year":"1984","unstructured":"Thomas , Frank , \" Can Classic Disney Animation Be Duplicated On The Computer?\" Computer Pictures , Vol. 2 , Issue 4 , pp. 20 - 26 , luly\/ August 1984 . Thomas, Frank, \"Can Classic Disney Animation Be Duplicated On The Computer?\" Computer Pictures, Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 20-26, luly\/August 1984.","journal-title":"Computer Pictures"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","unstructured":"Vertigo Systems International Inc. 119 W. Pender St. Suite 221 Vancouver BC Canada v6b ls5  Vertigo Systems International Inc. 119 W. Pender St. Suite 221 Vancouver BC Canada v6b ls5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","unstructured":"Wavefront Technologies 530 East Montecito Santa Barbara CA 93101  Wavefront Technologies 530 East Montecito Santa Barbara CA 93101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","volume-title":"Timing for Animation","author":"Whitakcr Harold","year":"1981","unstructured":"Whitakcr , Harold and Halas , John , Timing for Animation , Focal Press , London , 1981 . Whitakcr, Harold and Halas, John, Timing for Animation , Focal Press, London, 1981."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","volume-title":"Watson-Gupfill","author":"White Tony","year":"1996","unstructured":"White , Tony , The Animator's Workbook , Watson-Gupfill , New York , 1996 . White, Tony, The Animator's Workbook, Watson-Gupfill, New York, 1996."}],"container-title":["ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/37402.37407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/37402.37407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T14:43:38Z","timestamp":1750257818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/37402.37407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1987,8]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/37402.37407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/37402.37407","relation":{"is-identical-to":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1145\/37401.37407","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0097-8930"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0097-8930","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1987,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1987-08-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}