{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T02:27:05Z","timestamp":1789266425510,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1986,5,1]],"date-time":"1986-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":515289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Commun. ACM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The formalization of legislation and the development of computer systems to assist with legal problem solving provide a rich domain for developing and testing artificial-intelligence technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/5689.5920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T07:38:11Z","timestamp":1027755491000},"page":"370-386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":362,"title":["The British Nationality Act as a logic program"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"M. J.","family":"Sergot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Sadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Kriwaczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. T.","family":"Cory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1986,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/794073"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Towards a rule-based reoresentation of opkn texture in La&lt;. Rep. Dept. of Computing","author":"Bench-Cauon T.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Bench-Cauon . T. and Seraot . M. 1. Towards a rule-based reoresentation of opkn texture in La&lt;. Rep. Dept. of Computing , Imperial College , London . 1965 . Also presented at the 2nd International Conference on Computers and Law, Houston. Tex. June 1985. Bench-Cauon. T. and Seraot. M.1. Towards a rule-based reoresentation of opkn texture in La&lt;. Rep. Dept. of Computing, Imperial College, London. 1965. Also presented at the 2nd International Conference on Computers and Law, Houston. Tex. June 1985."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"13","author":"Bobrow D.G., Ed.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bobrow , D.G., Ed. Non -monotonic logic. Special issue on. Altif. Infell. 13 ( 1980 ). Bobrow, D.G., Ed. Non-monotonic logic. Special issue on. Altif. Infell. 13 (1980).","journal-title":"Altif. Infell."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Studies in Data Processing","author":"Bowen K.A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bowen . K.A. , and Kowalski . R.A. Amalgamating language and metalanguage in logic programming . In Logic Programming. K.L. Clark and S.A. Tarnlund. Eds. APIC Studies in Data Processing , vol. 16 . Academic Press . New York, 1982 . pp. 153 - 172 . Bowen. K.A., and Kowalski. R.A. Amalgamating language and metalanguage in logic programming. In Logic Programming. K.L. Clark and S.A. Tarnlund. Eds. APIC Studies in Data Processing, vol. 16. Academic Press. New York, 1982. pp. 153-172."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"48","volume-title":"Symposium on Logic Programming","author":"Bowen K.A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bowen . K.A. , and Weinberg , T . A meta-level extension of PROLOG . In Symposium on Logic Programming ( Boston. Mass.). IEEE Computer Society Press , 1985 , pp. 48 - 53 . Bowen. K.A., and Weinberg, T. A meta-level extension of PROLOG. In Symposium on Logic Programming (Boston. Mass.). IEEE Computer Society Press, 1985, pp. 48-53."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"293","volume-title":"Negation as failure","author":"Clark K.L.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Clark , K.L. Negation as failure . In Logic and Data Bases, H. Callaire and J. Minker, Eds. Plenum, New York , 1978 . pp. 293 - 322 . Clark, K.L. Negation as failure. In Logic and Data Bases, H. Callaire and J. Minker, Eds. Plenum, New York, 1978. pp. 293-322."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","volume-title":"Micro-PROLOG: Programming in Logic","author":"Clark K.L.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Clark , K.L. , and McCabe . F.G. Micro-PROLOG: Programming in Logic . Prentice-Hall . Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1984 . Clark, K.L., and McCabe. F.G. Micro-PROLOG: Programming in Logic. Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1984."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","volume-title":"Strucfured Analysis and System Specific&amp;w?","author":"de Marco T.","year":"1979","unstructured":"de Marco , T. Strucfured Analysis and System Specific&amp;w? . Prentice- Hall , Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1979 . de Marco, T. Strucfured Analysis and System Specific&amp;w?. Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1979."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","volume-title":"A Discipline of Programming","author":"Dijkstra E.W.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Dijkstra , E.W. A Discipline of Programming . Prentice-Hall , Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1976 . Dijkstra, E.W. A Discipline of Programming. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1976."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","volume-title":"The Fiffh Generation","author":"Feigenbaum E.A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Feigenbaum , E.A. and McCorduck , P. The Fiffh Generation . Addison- Wesley, Reading . Mass ., 1983 . Feigenbaum, E.A. and McCorduck, P. The Fiffh Generation. Addison- Wesley, Reading. Mass., 1983."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03037018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","volume-title":"Stanford Univ.","author":"Gardner A.V.D.L.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gardner . A.V.D.L. An artificial intelligence approach to legal reasoning. Rep. STAN-CS-85-1045. Dept. of Computing Science , Stanford Univ. , 1984 . To be published by Bradford Books\/MIT Press . Gardner. A.V.D.L. An artificial intelligence approach to legal reasoning. Rep. STAN-CS-85-1045. Dept. of Computing Science, Stanford Univ., 1984. To be published by Bradford Books\/MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Computing Power nnd Legal Reasoning","author":"Gardner A.V.D.L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gardner , A.V.D.L. Overview of an artificial intelligence approach to legal reasoning . In Computing Power nnd Legal Reasoning , C. Walter, Ed. West. St. Paul. Minn . 1985 . pp. 247 - 274 . Gardner, A.V.D.L. Overview of an artificial intelligence approach to legal reasoning. In Computing Power nnd Legal Reasoning, C. Walter, Ed. West. St. Paul. Minn. 1985. pp. 247-274."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","volume-title":"Calif.","author":"Genesereth M.R.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Genesereth . M.R. , Greiner , R. , Grinberg , M.R. , and Smith . D.E. The MRS dictionary. Memo HPP-80.24, Stanford Heuristic Programming Project. Stanford IJniv ., Calif. , Dec. 1980: revised Jan. 1984 . Genesereth. M.R., Greiner, R., Grinberg, M.R., and Smith. D.E. The MRS dictionary. Memo HPP-80.24, Stanford Heuristic Programming Project. Stanford IJniv., Calif., Dec. 1980: revised Jan. 1984."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"163","volume-title":"St. Paul. Minn.","author":"Gordon T.F.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gordon , T.F. Object-oriented predicate logic and its role in representing legal knowledge . In Computing Power and Legal Reasoning, C. Walter. Ed. West, St. Paul. Minn. 1985 . pp. 163 - 203 . Gordon, T.F. Object-oriented predicate logic and its role in representing legal knowledge. In Computing Power and Legal Reasoning, C. Walter. Ed. West, St. Paul. Minn. 1985. pp. 163-203."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Also in Proceedings offhe 3rd KS Expert Systems Conference, British Computer Society","author":"Hammond P.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hammond . P. Representation of DHSS regulations as a logic program. Rep. 82\/X, Dept. of Computing, Imperial College, London. 1982. pp. 225-235 . Also in Proceedings offhe 3rd KS Expert Systems Conference, British Computer Society , Cambridge , Dec. 1983 . pp. 225 - 235 . Hammond. P. Representation of DHSS regulations as a logic program. Rep. 82\/X, Dept. of Computing, Imperial College, London. 1982. pp. 225-235. Also in Proceedings offhe 3rd KS Expert Systems Conference, British Computer Society, Cambridge, Dec. 1983. pp. 225-235."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd BCS Experf Systems Conferonce. British Computer Society","author":"Hammond P.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hammond . P. , and Sergot . M.J. A PROLOG shell for logic based expert systems . In Proceedings of the 3rd BCS Experf Systems Conferonce. British Computer Society . Cambridge , Dec. 1983 , pp. 95 - 104 . Hammond. P., and Sergot. M.J. A PROLOG shell for logic based expert systems. In Proceedings of the 3rd BCS Experf Systems Conferonce. British Computer Society. Cambridge, Dec. 1983, pp. 95-104."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","volume-title":"Surrey. England","author":"Hammond","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hammond , J'., and Sergot , M.J . APES Rejerence Manual. Logic Based Systems. Richmond , Surrey. England , 1984 . Hammond, J'., and Sergot, M.J. APES Rejerence Manual. Logic Based Systems. Richmond, Surrey. England, 1984."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","volume-title":"Chapter 61","author":"Her Majesty's Stationery Office","year":"1981","unstructured":"Her Majesty's Stationery Office . The British Nationality Act 1981 . Chapter 61 , London , 1981 . Her Majesty's Stationery Office. The British Nationality Act 1981. Chapter 61, London, 1981."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","volume-title":"Univ. of Waterloo. Canada","author":"Hustler A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hustler , A. ProgrammIng law in logic. Res. Rep. CS-82-13, Dept. of Computer Science , Univ. of Waterloo. Canada , 1982 . Hustler, A. ProgrammIng law in logic. Res. Rep. CS-82-13, Dept. of Computer Science, Univ. of Waterloo. Canada, 1982."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Compufer Science and Law, 8","author":"Jones S.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Jones , S. Control structures in legislation . In Compufer Science and Law, 8 . Niblett. Ed. Cambridge University Press , New York , 1980 . pp. 157 -l 69. Jones, S. Control structures in legislation. In Compufer Science and Law, 8. Niblett. Ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1980. pp. 157-l 69."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","first-page":"4","volume":"4","author":"Jones S.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Jones , S. Mason , P. , and Stamper . R. LEGOL 2.0: A relational specification language for co,mplex rules. Inf Sysf. 4 , 4 ( Dec. 1979 ). 293- 305. Jones, S. Mason, P., and Stamper. R. LEGOL 2.0: A relational specification language for co,mplex rules. Inf Sysf. 4, 4 (Dec. 1979). 293- 305.","journal-title":"Inf Sysf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","volume-title":"Logic for Problem Solving","author":"Kowalski R.A.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kowalski . R.A. Logic for Problem Solving . Elsevier North-Holland , New York , 1979 . Kowalski. R.A. Logic for Problem Solving. Elsevier North-Holland, New York, 1979."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Proceedings ZNP-83 Congress. Elsevier North-Holland","author":"Kowalski R.A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kowalski , R.A. Logic programming . In Proceedings ZNP-83 Congress. Elsevier North-Holland . New York , 1983 . pp. 133 - 145 . Kowalski, R.A. Logic programming. In Proceedings ZNP-83 Congress. Elsevier North-Holland. New York, 1983. pp. 133-145."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-739X(96)84677-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","first-page":"14","author":"Lakatos","year":"1963","unstructured":"Lakatos , 1. Proofs and refutations. Br. J. Philos. Sci. 14 ( 1963 ). l-25, 120-139. 221-243. 296-342. Lakatos, 1. Proofs and refutations. Br. J. Philos. Sci. 14 (1963). l-25, 120-139. 221-243. 296-342.","journal-title":"Br. J. Philos. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0743-1066(84)90011-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","volume-title":"2nd Infernational Conference on Computers and Law (Houston. Tex. June).","author":"MacRae C.D.","year":"1985","unstructured":"MacRae , C.D. User control knowledge in a tax consulting system . In 2nd Infernational Conference on Computers and Law (Houston. Tex. June). 1985 . MacRae, C.D. User control knowledge in a tax consulting system. In 2nd Infernational Conference on Computers and Law (Houston. Tex. June). 1985."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","first-page":"90","author":"McCarthy L.T.","year":"1977","unstructured":"McCarthy . L.T. Reflections on TAXMAN: An experiment in artificial intelligence and legal reasoning. Harvard Law Rev. 90 ( 1977 ). 837-893. McCarthy. L.T. Reflections on TAXMAN: An experiment in artificial intelligence and legal reasoning. Harvard Law Rev. 90 (1977). 837-893.","journal-title":"Harvard Law Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","first-page":"304","volume-title":"Proceedings, 3rd Biennial Conference of fhe Canadian Society for Compufafional Studies of lnfelligence (Victoria. B.C.). Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence","author":"McCarthy L.T.","year":"1980","unstructured":"McCarthy , L.T. and Sridharan . N.S. The representation of an evolving system of legal concepts: I. Logical templates . In Proceedings, 3rd Biennial Conference of fhe Canadian Society for Compufafional Studies of lnfelligence (Victoria. B.C.). Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence , 1980 . pp. 304 - 311 . McCarthy, L.T. and Sridharan. N.S. The representation of an evolving system of legal concepts: I. Logical templates. In Proceedings, 3rd Biennial Conference of fhe Canadian Society for Compufafional Studies of lnfelligence (Victoria. B.C.). Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence, 1980. pp. 304-311."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","first-page":"6","author":"Meldman J.A.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Meldman . J.A. A siructural model for computer-aided legal analysis. Rufgers 1. Compuf. Law 6 ( 1977 ). 27-71. Meldman. J.A. A siructural model for computer-aided legal analysis. Rufgers 1. Compuf. Law 6 (1977). 27-71.","journal-title":"Compuf. Law"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","first-page":"765","volume-title":"St. Paul. Minn.","author":"Schlobohm D.A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Schlobohm , D.A. A Prolog program which analyzes income tax issues under Section 318(a) of the internal revenue code. In Computing Power and Legal Reasoning, C. Walter. Ed. West , St. Paul. Minn. , 1985 . pp. 765 - 815 . Schlobohm, D.A. A Prolog program which analyzes income tax issues under Section 318(a) of the internal revenue code. In Computing Power and Legal Reasoning, C. Walter. Ed. West, St. Paul. Minn., 1985. pp. 765-815."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","volume-title":"Dept. of Computing","author":"Sergot M.J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Sergot , M.J. Programming law: LEGOL as a logic programming language. Rep ., Dept. of Computing , Imperial Collage , London , 1980 . Sergot, M.J. Programming law: LEGOL as a logic programming language. Rep., Dept. of Computing, Imperial Collage, London, 1980."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","volume-title":"Representing legislation as logic programs. Rep. Dept. of Computing","author":"Sergot M.J.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sergot . M.J. Representing legislation as logic programs. Rep. Dept. of Computing . Imperial College . Aug. 1985 . To be published in Machine Infelligence 17. Sergot. M.J. Representing legislation as logic programs. Rep. Dept. of Computing. Imperial College. Aug. 1985. To be published in Machine Infelligence 17."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","volume-title":"Research and Dewopmenf in Experf Systems: Proceedings of the 4th Technical Conference of fhe British Compufer Society Specialisf Group on Experf Systems, Warwick, M.A. Braines, Ed","author":"Sharpe W.P.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sharpe , W.P. Logic programming for the law . In Research and Dewopmenf in Experf Systems: Proceedings of the 4th Technical Conference of fhe British Compufer Society Specialisf Group on Experf Systems, Warwick, M.A. Braines, Ed . Cambridge University Press, New York , Dec. 1985 . Sharpe, W.P. Logic programming for the law. In Research and Dewopmenf in Experf Systems: Proceedings of the 4th Technical Conference of fhe British Compufer Society Specialisf Group on Experf Systems, Warwick, M.A. Braines, Ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, Dec. 1985."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","first-page":"45","volume-title":"LEGOL: Modelling legal rules by computer","author":"Stamper R.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Stamper , R. LEGOL: Modelling legal rules by computer . In Computer Science and Law, B. Niblett. Ed. Cambridge University Press , New York , 1980 , pp. 45 - 71 . Stamper, R. LEGOL: Modelling legal rules by computer. In Computer Science and Law, B. Niblett. Ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1980, pp. 45-71."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","author":"Sussman G.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Sussman . G. Winograd . T. and Charniak , E . Micro-Planner reference manual (revised). A.I. Memo 203A , Artificial Intelligence Laboratory . M.I.T. Cambridge. Mass . 1971 . Sussman. G. Winograd. T. and Charniak, E. Micro-Planner reference manual (revised). A.I. Memo 203A, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. M.I.T. Cambridge. Mass. 1971."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","volume-title":"M&amp;T.","author":"Szolovits P.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Szolovits , P. Hawkinson . L.B. , and Martin , W.A . An overview of OWL, a language for knowledge representation. MlT\/LCS\/TM-86. Laboratory for Computer Science , M&amp;T. , Cambridge. Mass . 1977 . Szolovits, P. Hawkinson. L.B., and Martin, W.A. An overview of OWL, a language for knowledge representation. MlT\/LCS\/TM-86. Laboratory for Computer Science, M&amp;T., Cambridge. Mass. 1977."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","volume-title":"Models of legal decisionmaking. Rep. R-2717-ICJ","author":"Waterman D.A.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Waterman , D.A. , and Peterson . M.A. Models of legal decisionmaking. Rep. R-2717-ICJ , Institute for Civil Justice , Rand Corporation . Santa Barbara, Calif. 1981 . Waterman, D.A., and Peterson. M.A. Models of legal decisionmaking. Rep. R-2717-ICJ, Institute for Civil Justice, Rand Corporation. Santa Barbara, Calif. 1981."}],"container-title":["Communications of the ACM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/5689.5920","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/5689.5920","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T13:39:24Z","timestamp":1750253964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/5689.5920"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986,5]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/5689.5920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/5689.5920","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-0782","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7317","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1986-05-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}